McqMate
Chapters
1. |
Regarding ECG changes, which is CORRECT? |
A. | hypernatraemia is associated with low voltage complexes |
B. | the first change in hyperkalaemia is prolongation of QRS |
C. | with hypokalaemia, the resting membrane potential decreases |
D. | in hyperkalaemia, the heart stops in systole |
E. | in hypercalcaemia, myocardial contractility is enhanced |
Answer» E. in hypercalcaemia, myocardial contractility is enhanced |
2. |
Regarding jugular pressure waves: |
A. | the ‘v’ wave denotes the increased atrial pressure due to the bulging of the tricuspid valve during isovolumetric ventricular contraction |
B. | in tricuspid insufficiency, there is a giant ‘A’ wave with each ventricular systole |
C. | atrial premature beats produce an ‘A’ wave |
D. | the ‘v’ wave occurs during systole |
E. | a giant ‘C’ wave (‘cannon wave’) may be seen in complete heart block |
Answer» C. atrial premature beats produce an ‘A’ wave |
3. |
What factor does not alter cardiac output? |
A. | standing up |
B. | sleeping |
C. | eating |
D. | exercising |
E. | pregnancy |
Answer» B. sleeping |
4. |
What is the O2 consumption of a beating heart at rest? |
A. | 2ml/100g/min |
B. | 9ml/g/min |
C. | 2ml/g/min |
D. | 2L/100g/min |
E. | 9ml/100g/min |
Answer» E. 9ml/100g/min |
5. |
Regarding percentages of blood volume in the body: |
A. | the heart has 5% |
B. | the pulmonary circulation has the greatest percentage |
C. | the venous circulation has 35% |
D. | the aorta has 2% |
E. | capillaries have 20% |
Answer» D. the aorta has 2% |
6. |
What is a biological action of endothelin? |
A. | dilates vascular smooth muscle |
B. | produces bronchodilation |
C. | increase GFR and renal blood flow |
D. | evokes positive inotropic and chronotropic effects on myocardium |
E. | inhibits gluconeogenesis |
Answer» D. evokes positive inotropic and chronotropic effects on myocardium |
7. |
What inhibits gene transcription for endothelin-1 secretion: |
A. | nitric oxide |
B. | angiotensin II |
C. | insulin |
D. | growth factors |
E. | catecholamines |
Answer» A. nitric oxide |
8. |
Regarding NO synthase: |
A. | it synthesises nitrous oxide from arginine |
B. | there are 2 isoforms |
C. | it is inactivated by haemoglobin |
D. | NOS-1 is activated by cytokines |
E. | NOS-2 is in endothelial cells |
Answer» C. it is inactivated by haemoglobin |
9. |
What factor dilates the arterioles? |
A. | decreased local temperature |
B. | myogenic theory of autoregulation |
C. | angiotensin II |
D. | increased discharge of noradrenergic vasomotor nerve |
E. | histamine |
Answer» E. histamine |
10. |
Which is NOT a baroreceptor site? |
A. | right atria at the entrance of SVC and IVC |
B. | aortic arch |
C. | left atria at the entrance of the pulmonary veins |
D. | pulmonary circulation |
E. | carotid body |
Answer» E. carotid body |
11. |
Regarding cerebrospinal fluid: |
A. | the total volume of CSF is 300mL |
B. | CSF is absorbed through the choroid plexus |
C. | the average CSF pressure is 220m-CSF |
D. | CSF has a higher pH than plasma |
E. | it contains very low levels of cholesterol relative to plasma |
Answer» E. it contains very low levels of cholesterol relative to plasma |
12. |
Which substance has equal concentrations in CSF and plasma? |
A. | Ca2+ |
B. | K+ |
C. | Na+ |
D. | PCO2 |
E. | glucose |
Answer» C. Na+ |
13. |
Which vessel has the lowest PO2? |
A. | maternal artery |
B. | maternal vein |
C. | uterine vein |
D. | umbilical vein |
E. | umbilical artery |
Answer» E. umbilical artery |
14. |
During exercise: |
A. | diastolic BP increases more than systolic BP |
B. | regional blood flow to the brain doubles |
C. | cardiac output may increase 15-fold |
D. | after exercise, BP takes longer to return to normal than heart rate |
E. | O2 consumption of skeletal muscle may increase 100-fold |
Answer» E. O2 consumption of skeletal muscle may increase 100-fold |
15. |
Atrial systole: |
A. | causes a decrease in atrial pressure |
B. | causes the ‘A’ wave of the jugular pulse |
C. | causes the ‘C’ wave of the jugular pulse |
D. | causes the ‘V’ wave of the jugular pulse |
E. | causes the dicrotic notch of the aortic pulse |
Answer» B. causes the ‘A’ wave of the jugular pulse |
16. |
The depolarisation of cardiac muscle cells is characterised by: |
A. | a slow depolarisation, a plateau then a rapid repolarisation |
B. | initial depolarisation due to a slow Na+ influx |
C. | repolarisation due to K+ efflux through two types of K+ channels |
D. | a plateau phase due to slowly opening Na+ channels |
E. | calcium efflux during the plateau phase |
Answer» D. a plateau phase due to slowly opening Na+ channels |
17. |
Regarding cardiac electrical properties: |
A. | all cardiac cells have the same resting membrane potential |
B. | cholinergic fibres act predominantly by blocking tonic sympathetic input |
C. | discharge rates of pacemaker tissue does not change significantly with temperature |
D. | the bundle of HIS is not the most rapidly conducting part of the conducting system |
E. | the last parts of myocardium to depolarise normally do not include the septum |
Answer» D. the bundle of HIS is not the most rapidly conducting part of the conducting system |
18. |
Abnormalities causing ECG changes in myocardial infarction include: |
A. | delayed repolarisation early on |
B. | delayed depolarisation |
C. | increased resting membrane potential |
D. | TQ segment elevation |
E. | current flow away from the infarct |
Answer» B. delayed depolarisation |
19. |
Features of the venous system include all of the following EXCEPT: |
A. | total volume is approximately 55% of the total vascular volume |
B. | compliance approximately 25 times the arterial side |
C. | total volume of venules is twice the total capillary volume |
D. | valves in the cerebral circulation |
E. | substantial venoconstriction in response to noradrenaline |
Answer» D. valves in the cerebral circulation |
20. |
Arteriolar constriction is caused by: |
A. | serotonin |
B. | ANP |
C. | NO |
D. | K+ |
E. | histamine |
Answer» A. serotonin |
21. |
Regarding the inputs into the vasomotor centre: |
A. | baroreceptors causes stimulation |
B. | chemoreceptors cause inhibition |
C. | baroreceptors provide significant input below 70mmhg mean arterial pressure |
D. | atrial stretch receptors inhibit the vasomotor centre |
E. | direct inputs include pO2 |
Answer» D. atrial stretch receptors inhibit the vasomotor centre |
22. |
CSF: |
A. | volume is about 600ml |
B. | normal pressure is 5-10cm CSF |
C. | has a higher concentration of creatinine than plasma |
D. | has a higher concentration of urea than plasma |
E. | is formed solely in the choroid plexus |
Answer» C. has a higher concentration of creatinine than plasma |
23. |
Regarding the conduction system of the heart: |
A. | the right bundle branch (of HIS) divides into anterior and posterior fasicles |
B. | the AV node contains P cells |
C. | myocardial fibres have a resting membrane potential of -60mV |
D. | action potential in the SA and AV nodes are largely due to Na+ influx |
E. | there are two types of K+ channels in pacemaker tissue – transient and long acting |
Answer» B. the AV node contains P cells |
24. |
During systole: |
A. | the peak left ventricular pressure is 160mmHg |
B. | contraction of the atria propels 70% of the ventricular filling |
C. | the period of isovolumetric ventricular contraction is 0.5sec???? |
D. | the end systolic ventricular volume is about 50mL |
E. | coronary blood flow to subendocardial portions of the left ventricle occur only in systole |
Answer» D. the end systolic ventricular volume is about 50mL |
25. |
Regarding cardiac output: |
A. | “energy of contraction is proportional to the initial length of the cardiac muscle fibre” is Fick’s Law of the heart |
B. | cardiac index is the correlation between resting cardiac output and height |
C. | sleep decreases cardiac output |
D. | basal O2 consumption by the myocardium is 2ml/g/min |
E. | standing normally decreases the length of ventricular cardiac muscle fibres |
Answer» E. standing normally decreases the length of ventricular cardiac muscle fibres |
26. |
Effects of electrolyte changes: |
A. | PR interval increases in hyperkalaemia |
B. | in hyperkalaemia, the heart stops in systole |
C. | hypercalcaemia causes prolongation of the ST segments |
D. | hypernatraemia is associated with low voltage electrocardiographic complexes |
E. | magnesium counteracts digitalis toxicity |
Answer» E. magnesium counteracts digitalis toxicity |
27. |
Which statement is TRUE regarding cardiac muscle? |
A. | cardiac muscle fibres are multinucleated |
B. | they are smaller than skeletal muscle fibres |
C. | Ca2+ release is triggered by membrane repolarisation |
D. | the elastic ‘Titin” protein component is greater than in skeletal muscle, adding stiffness |
E. | the amount of Ca2+ in the sarcoplasmic reticulum is decreased by catecholamine stimulation |
Answer» B. they are smaller than skeletal muscle fibres |
28. |
Which statement regarding cardiac “work” is FALSE? |
A. | the energy applied to the blood stream is defined as kinetic plus potential |
B. | potential energy involves consideration of energy stored in elastic arterial walls and gravity |
C. | there is an exchange between kinetic and potential energy |
D. | the largest drop in energy occurs at the level of the precupillary sphincters |
E. | the higher resistance in smaller calibre vessels corresponds to greater energy losses |
Answer» D. the largest drop in energy occurs at the level of the precupillary sphincters |
29. |
Which statement about blood flow is FALSE? |
A. | cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate |
B. | the volume of blood pumped through the lungs equals the volume entering the heart |
C. | Poiseville’s Law predicts the effects of pressure and resistance on cardiac output |
D. | the resistance of the systemic circulation is 5 to 10 times the pulmonary vascular resistance |
E. | with constant pressure, a vessel with radius ‘2X ‘ has 16 times the flow of vessel with radius ‘X’ |
Answer» B. the volume of blood pumped through the lungs equals the volume entering the heart |
30. |
Regarding haemodynamic principles, which statement is FALSE? |
A. | viscosity of blood with haematocrit of 40 is three times that of water |
B. | ‘arterial’ blood volume is 10-15% total volume |
C. | ‘elastance’ measures a vessel’s stiffness or recoil |
D. | aging causes increased elastance and therefore decrease in resting (unstressed) arterial volume |
E. | an increase in total peripheral resistance leads to increased arterial volume and BP |
Answer» D. aging causes increased elastance and therefore decrease in resting (unstressed) arterial volume |
31. |
Considering conduction rates in myocardial cells, which statement is TRUE? |
A. | Perkinje fibres are subepicardial and are the largest fibres, 4-7 times the width of other fibres |
B. | Perkinje fibres are ‘fast fibres’, and can conduct a wave of depolarisation at a speed of 4m/sec |
C. | the duration of the action potential and refractory period in fast fibres is shorter than slow fibres |
D. | initial depolarisation occurs in fast fibres with a rapid influx of Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
E. | none of the above statements are true |
Answer» B. Perkinje fibres are ‘fast fibres’, and can conduct a wave of depolarisation at a speed of 4m/sec |
32. |
With respect to splanchnic circulation: |
A. | the liver is approximately 50% blood by volume |
B. | zone 3 of the hepatic acinus is well oxygenated |
C. | abdominal viscera receive at 30% cardiac output |
D. | liver receives blood from hepatic artery (1000???ml/min) and hepatic ??? vein (500ml/min) |
E. | muscular layer of intestinal wall has higher flow of mucosal layer |
Answer» C. abdominal viscera receive at 30% cardiac output |
33. |
Blood pressure: |
A. | the sounds of Korotkoff when taking blood pressure are caused by laminar flow |
B. | the diastolic pressure in resting adults correlates to the muffling of Korotkoff sound |
C. | pressures obtained by palpation of auscultation methods are usually 2-5mmHg higher |
D. | if cuff is inflated for some time, it can give falsely low BP readings |
E. | sounds of Korotkoff occur when velocity of flow through constriction exceeds critical velocity |
Answer» E. sounds of Korotkoff occur when velocity of flow through constriction exceeds critical velocity |
34. |
Coronary circulation: |
A. | left coronary artery has greater flow in 50% of people |
B. | thebesian veins connect arterioles to the heart chambers |
C. | cusps of the aortic valve occlude orifices of coronary arteries during LV ejection |
D. | coronary flow at rest is 250ml/min |
E. | at rest, heart extracts 50% O2 / unit of blood delivered |
Answer» D. coronary flow at rest is 250ml/min |
35. |
Which statement is FALSE regarding CVS? |
A. | the primary function of the CVS uses convection |
B. | secondary function involves heat control |
C. | the heart is two pumps operating in parallel |
D. | the same volume of blood passes through each semilunar valve over time |
E. | the Frank Starling mechanism is used in balancing the output of both ventricles |
Answer» C. the heart is two pumps operating in parallel |
36. |
Regarding the heart, which is TRUE? |
A. | the right and left ventricles perform the same amount of work, because the same volume of blood is pumped by each |
B. | the cross sectional shape of both ventricles is approximately cylindrical |
C. | the right ventricle pumps by a bellows type mechanism |
D. | the left ventricle pump action is via reducing cross-sectional area, as a function of radius cubed |
E. | in pulmonary disease the right ventricle hypertrophies and assumes a crescented shape in cross section |
Answer» C. the right ventricle pumps by a bellows type mechanism |
37. |
Which is FALSE? Stroke Volume varies with changes in: |
A. | ventricular contractility |
B. | arterial pressure |
C. | end diastolic volume of ventricle |
D. | blood viscosity |
E. | right ventricle compared to left |
Answer» E. right ventricle compared to left |
38. |
Regarding pressure in circulation, which is FALSE? |
A. | kinetic energy = M.V2(mass x velocity2)2 |
B. | hydrostatic (gravitational) pressure = potential energy |
C. | the pressure in a foot vein may be 150 cm??? greater than at aortic root (in upright posture) |
D. | the same pressure differential applies in arterial system, (in upright posture) |
E. | the greatest pressure drop occurs in the capillaries |
Answer» E. the greatest pressure drop occurs in the capillaries |
39. |
Regarding volumes in each compartment, which is FALSE? |
A. | 3% in LV and aorta |
B. | 15% in arterial system |
C. | 7% in capillaries |
D. | 50% in venous system (systemic) |
E. | 40% in pulmonary circulation |
Answer» E. 40% in pulmonary circulation |
40. |
Regarding pressures, which is FALSE? |
A. | lateral (static) pressure is reduced but prolonged by elastic arteries |
B. | static pressure increases with gravitation (hydrostatic) pressure increases |
C. | static pressure does not include kinetic energy |
D. | greater resistance to flow through a segment of circulation leads to greater loss of energy through that segment |
E. | kinetic energy becomes more significant in a narrowed segment and converts back to potential energy when the tube widens |
Answer» B. static pressure increases with gravitation (hydrostatic) pressure increases |
41. |
Regarding flow, which is FALSE? |
A. | flow is proportional to pressure gradient |
B. | flow is inversely proportional to resistance |
C. | Poiseville’s Law relates flow to pressure gradient and factors that influence resistance |
D. | Poiseville’ Law demonstrates that resistance to flow is largely determined by viscosity and length of tube and radius x 4 |
E. | if radius of a vessel is halved, the flow may be reduced to 1/16th of previous flow |
Answer» D. Poiseville’ Law demonstrates that resistance to flow is largely determined by viscosity and length of tube and radius x 4 |
42. |
Which statement about factors affecting blood pressure is FALSE? Factors that increase blood pressure are: |
A. | increased heart rate |
B. | increased blood volume |
C. | pressure rises in increased cardiac output until the amount entering the arterial system equals the amount leaving |
D. | increased total peripheral resistance |
E. | increased end systolic volume |
Answer» E. increased end systolic volume |
43. |
Regarding blood pressure, which is TRUE? |
A. | M.A.P. = pulse pressure / 2 + diastolic pressure |
B. | elastance increases progressively with age |
C. | increase in arterial blood pressure causes a subsequent increase in stroke volume |
D. | increased sympathetic stimulation may sometimes lead to decreased cardiac output |
E. | pulse pressure increases with age because of decreased arterial elastance |
Answer» B. elastance increases progressively with age |
44. |
Regarding red blood cells, all are true EXCEPT: |
A. | erythropoiesis is stimulated by anaemia and hypoxia |
B. | after splenectomy, malaria has a higher mortality |
C. | normal adult haemoglobin is designated α2 β2 |
D. | about 5% of adult haemoglobin is haemoglobin A2 (α2 δ2) |
E. | G6PD deficiency increases red cell susceptibility to lysis by drugs and infection |
Answer» D. about 5% of adult haemoglobin is haemoglobin A2 (α2 δ2) |
45. |
Regarding the function of the heart: |
A. | at increased heart rates, diastole is shortened more than systole |
B. | the pericardial sac normally contains about 50ml of fluid |
C. | during the cardiac cycle, left ventricular ejection begins before right ventricular ejection |
D. | during expiration, the aortic valve closes before the pulmonary valve |
E. | the end—diastolic ventricular volume is about 170ml |
Answer» A. at increased heart rates, diastole is shortened more than systole |
46. |
Regarding flow in vessels: |
A. | velocity is greatest closest to blood vessel walls |
B. | turbulence is almost always present at a Reynold’s number greater than 2,000 |
C. | probability of turbulence in a vessel is directly related to twice the radius |
D. | flow in vessels is directly related to the fourth power of the ????? |
E. | turbulence is related to increasing radius |
Answer» C. probability of turbulence in a vessel is directly related to twice the radius |
47. |
Which of the following does not increase the length of ventricular cardiac muscle fibres? |
A. | increased total blood volume |
B. | increased venous tone |
C. | increased pumping action of skeletal muscle |
D. | increased negative intrathoracic pressure |
E. | increased intrapericardial pressure |
Answer» E. increased intrapericardial pressure |
48. |
Which of the following does not cause a systolic murmur? |
A. | aortic stenosis |
B. | anaemia |
C. | mitral insufficiency |
D. | tricuspid stenosis |
E. | normal flow in children |
Answer» D. tricuspid stenosis |
49. |
Timing of events in the cardiac cycle: |
A. | right atrial systole begins after left atrial systole |
B. | the pulmonary closes after the aortic in inspiration |
C. | right ventricular ejection starts after left ventricular ejection |
D. | right ventricular systole starts after left ventricular systole |
E. | right and left atrial systole are synchronous |
Answer» B. the pulmonary closes after the aortic in inspiration |
50. |
Starling’s Law of the heart: |
A. | is an example of hetermeric regulation |
B. | is an example of homomeric regulation |
C. | is explained by troponin / tropomyosin overlap |
D. | relates stroke volume to cardiac output |
E. | bears little relation to in vivo regulation of the heart |
Answer» A. is an example of hetermeric regulation |
51. |
The least frequent “ABO” gene is: |
A. | A |
B. | B |
C. | O |
D. | AB |
E. | ABO |
Answer» B. B |
52. |
Stimulation of the right vagus: |
A. | increases calcium inflow to the SA node |
B. | decreases calcium inflow to the AV node |
C. | increases potassium outflow in the SA node |
D. | increases potassium outflow in the AV node |
E. | decreases potassium outflow in the SA node |
Answer» C. increases potassium outflow in the SA node |
53. |
Starling’s Law: |
A. | defines a linear relationship between wall tension and force of contraction of cardiac muscle |
B. | is approximated by representing wall tension as preload and force of contraction as afterload |
C. | predicts greater force of contraction when filling pressure is decreased (eg during shock) |
D. | is explained by an increased availability of intracellular Ca2+ |
E. | describes heterometric autoregulation |
Answer» E. describes heterometric autoregulation |
54. |
Which is a water soluble vitamin? |
A. | D |
B. | B12 |
C. | A |
D. | K |
Answer» B. B12 |
55. |
Which is not Na+ dependent for absorption? |
A. | thiamin |
B. | riboflavin |
C. | niacin |
D. | folate |
Answer» D. folate |
56. |
Which is absorbed mainly in the colon? |
A. | short chain fatty acids |
B. | calcium |
C. | vitamin K |
D. | oligosaccharides |
Answer» A. short chain fatty acids |
57. |
Which is INCORRECT regarding nerve supply to the gut? |
A. | the blood vessels are known to have enteric, parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation |
B. | the myenteric plexus lies between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers |
C. | parasympathetic supply is via vagal and sacral nerve |
D. | sympathetic supply is often inhibitory on cholinergic postganglionic fibres |
Answer» A. the blood vessels are known to have enteric, parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation |
58. |
Gastrin secretion is stimulated by all but: |
A. | luminal peptides |
B. | vagal discharge |
C. | luminal acid |
D. | phenylalanine |
Answer» C. luminal acid |
59. |
The actions of gastrin include all but: |
A. | insulin secretion in response to a carbohydrate meal |
B. | a trophic effect on colonic mucosa |
C. | a trophic effect on gastric mucosa |
D. | pepsin secretion |
Answer» A. insulin secretion in response to a carbohydrate meal |
60. |
Which is NOT an action of CCK? |
A. | gallbladder contraction |
B. | increased gastric motility and emptying |
C. | glucagon secretion |
D. | secretion of pancreatic juice |
Answer» B. increased gastric motility and emptying |
61. |
Which hormone is most important in insulin secretion? |
A. | gastrin |
B. | CCK |
C. | GIP |
D. | secretin |
Answer» C. GIP |
62. |
Which produces the majority of salivary volume? |
A. | lingual glands |
B. | sublingual |
C. | parotid |
D. | submandibular |
Answer» D. submandibular |
63. |
Which nerve is NOT involved in the efferent (motor) swallow reflex? |
A. | trigeminal |
B. | vagus |
C. | facial |
D. | hypoglossal |
Answer» B. vagus |
64. |
Which is NOT part of the normal content of gastric juice? |
A. | HPO4 2- |
B. | mucus |
C. | lipase |
D. | amylase |
Answer» D. amylase |
65. |
Chief cells secrete: |
A. | HCl |
B. | pepsinogen |
C. | intrinsic factor |
D. | HCO3- |
Answer» B. pepsinogen |
66. |
Which stimulates parietal cell secretion? |
A. | prostaglandins |
B. | aspirin |
C. | vinegar |
D. | acetylcholine |
Answer» D. acetylcholine |
67. |
Regarding bilirubin: |
A. | unconjugated bilirubin is more soluble than conjugated |
B. | all conjugated bilirubin is excreted via the intestine |
C. | bile duct obstruction causes jaundice secondary to unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia |
D. | haemolytic anaemia may cause ?????? hyperbilirubinaemia |
Answer» D. haemolytic anaemia may cause ?????? hyperbilirubinaemia |
68. |
Which form of intestinal smooth muscle contraction does NOT occur in normal health? |
A. | peristalsis |
B. | weak antiperistalsis |
C. | peristaltic rushes |
D. | tonic contractions |
Answer» C. peristaltic rushes |
69. |
In the adrenal medulla: |
A. | epinephrine is formed by the hydroxylation and decarboxylation of tyrosine |
B. | 10% of the cells are the epinephrine-secreting type |
C. | plasma norepinephrine levels are generally unchanged after adrenalectomy |
D. | catecholamine t1/2 is 10 minutes in the circulation |
Answer» C. plasma norepinephrine levels are generally unchanged after adrenalectomy |
70. |
In the adrenal cortex: |
A. | the zona glomerulosa has 17 alpha-hydroxylase and no aldosterone synthase |
B. | all the cholesterol is synthesised from acetate |
C. | zona fasciculata makes up 10% of the mass of the adrenal gland |
D. | angiotensin II binds to receptors in the zona reticularis |
Answer» E. |
71. |
Regarding the islets of Langerhans: |
A. | D cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide |
B. | A cells are the most common |
C. | they are most plentiful in the body of the pancreas |
D. | blood from the islets drain into the hepatic portal vein |
Answer» D. blood from the islets drain into the hepatic portal vein |
72. |
Which factor stimulates insulin secretion? |
A. | thiazide diuretics |
B. | phenytoin |
C. | theophylline |
D. | β blockers |
Answer» C. theophylline |
73. |
Thyroid hormones increase the oxygen consumption of: |
A. | lymph nodes |
B. | spleen |
C. | brain |
D. | anterior pituitary gland |
Answer» E. |
74. |
The action of gastrin includes all EXCEPT: |
A. | stimulation of insulin secretion after a carbohydrate meal |
B. | stimulation of gastric acid secretion |
C. | stimulation of gastric motility |
D. | contraction of gastro-oesophageal junction musculature |
Answer» A. stimulation of insulin secretion after a carbohydrate meal |
75. |
Regarding protein metabolism, which statement is CORRECT? |
A. | increases the respiratory quotient to values > 1.0 |
B. | has a specific dynamic action (SDA) of approximately 10% |
C. | endogenous protein breakdown is inhibited by glucagon |
D. | creatinine excretion is not depressed in starvation |
Answer» D. creatinine excretion is not depressed in starvation |
76. |
Regarding fat metabolism, which statement is CORRECT? |
A. | ketone bodies accumulate in DKA due to a lack of acetyl-CoA substrate |
B. | fatty acids are transported in the plasma bound to lipoprotein complexes |
C. | cholesterol is transported from extra-hepatic cells to the liver by high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) in the endogenous pathway |
D. | eicosanoids are synthesised from cholesterol |
Answer» C. cholesterol is transported from extra-hepatic cells to the liver by high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) in the endogenous pathway |
77. |
Thyroxine: |
A. | is mostly bound to albumin in the plasma, since this has the largest capacity |
B. | is 2-5 times more potent that triiodothyronine (T3) |
C. | stimulates TSH release |
D. | ∼33% is deiodinated in the liver to T3 |
Answer» D. ∼33% is deiodinated in the liver to T3 |
78. |
Insulin: |
A. | binds to GLUT 1-5 receptors in the peripheral tissues |
B. | deficiency results in increased gluconeogenesis |
C. | has a plasma half-life of 2-3 hours |
D. | is secreted by the pancreatic A cells |
Answer» E. |
79. |
With respect to calcium metabolism / bone formation: |
A. | osteoclasts secrete alkaline phosphatase |
B. | osteoblasts are haemopoietic derivatives of monocyte lineage |
C. | 1,25(OH)2 ???D3 and PTH stimulate both osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
D. | oestrogens are thought to be protective of osteoporosis as their main effect is osteoblasts stimulation |
Answer» C. 1,25(OH)2 ???D3 and PTH stimulate both osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
80. |
All of the following, except one, inhibit insulin secretion. Which is it? |
A. | somatostatin |
B. | thiazide diuretics |
C. | propranolol |
D. | insulin |
Answer» E. |
81. |
All but one of the following compounds releases large amounts of energy on breakdown: |
A. | cAMP |
B. | ATP |
C. | creatine phosphate |
D. | ADP |
Answer» A. cAMP |
82. |
Which is TRUE? |
A. | adenosine triphosphate is a low energy phosphate |
B. | reduction involves loss of hydrogen or electrons |
C. | oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum |
D. | ATP is precursor of cyclic AMP |
Answer» D. ATP is precursor of cyclic AMP |
83. |
Small intestine: |
A. | the ligament of Treitz the jejunum becomes the ileum |
B. | the distance pylorus to ileocecal valve in living humans is 700cm |
C. | malabsorption syndrome may develop if 25% of the small intestine is removed |
D. | colonic peristalsis is the first smooth muscle action of the GIT to return after abdominal operation |
Answer» E. |
84. |
Regarding thyroid hormones: |
A. | little T3 is produced peripherally by deiodination T4 |
B. | albumin has more capacity to bind thyroid hormones than TBG |
C. | TBG has less affinity for thyroid hormone than albumin |
D. | thyroid hormones stimulate lipogenesis |
Answer» B. albumin has more capacity to bind thyroid hormones than TBG |
85. |
A calorie is: |
A. | standard unit of heat energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1L of water 1° from 15-16°C |
B. | standard unit of heat energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1gm of mercury 1° from 17-18°C |
C. | the standard unit of heat energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1gm of water 1° from 17-18°C |
D. | the standard unit of heat energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1gm of water 1° from 15-16°C |
Answer» D. the standard unit of heat energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1gm of water 1° from 15-16°C |
86. |
Regarding the respiratory quotient: |
A. | it is the ratio of CO2 to O2 at any time |
B. | RQ of fat is 0.8 |
C. | increases with hyperventilation |
D. | increases in metabolic alkalosis |
Answer» E. |
87. |
Regarding basal metabolic rate: |
A. | it is higher in women |
B. | it is determined at rest within 12 hours after the last meal |
C. | increases by 18% for each 1°C of fever |
D. | is about 40Kcal/m2/h in an average man |
Answer» D. is about 40Kcal/m2/h in an average man |
88. |
Which is NOT a high energy compound? |
A. | CoA |
B. | GGP |
C. | ITP |
D. | creatine phosphate |
Answer» B. GGP |
89. |
Regarding carbohydrate metabolism: |
A. | glucokinase is increased in starvation |
B. | the breakdown of glycogen is called glycolysis |
C. | the direct oxidative pathway involves the breakdown of glucose through triose |
D. | the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is irreversible |
Answer» D. the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is irreversible |
90. |
Which is NOT produced by the citric acid cycle? |
A. | NAD+ |
B. | CO2 |
C. | GTP |
D. | FADH2 |
Answer» A. NAD+ |
91. |
Regarding phosphorylase: |
A. | it clea???? 1:6α linkages in glycogen |
B. | it is activated by norepinephrine |
C. | phosphorylase kinase is directly activated by cyclic AMP |
D. | activation of protein kinase A inhibits glycogen synthesis |
Answer» D. activation of protein kinase A inhibits glycogen synthesis |
92. |
Which amino acid is not found in protein? |
A. | ornithine |
B. | arginine |
C. | valine |
D. | aspartic acid |
E. | β-Alanine |
Answer» E. β-Alanine |
93. |
Regarding electrolyte absorption: |
A. | cholera toxin binds to adenosine diphosphate ribose to the subunit of Gs, stimulative ATPase activity |
B. | active transport of Na+ into the small intestine enterocytes is coupled with the absorption of glucose |
C. | magnesium sulphate absorption is coupled with Na+ -K+ -ATPase pump |
D. | the Na+ -K+ ATPase pumps are located at the luminal membrane of the enterocyte |
Answer» E. |
94. |
Vitamins co-transported with Na+ include all EXCEPT: |
A. | thiamine |
B. | folate |
C. | niacin |
D. | riboflavin |
E. | pyridoxine |
Answer» B. folate |
95. |
Fat soluble vitamins include all EXCEPT: |
A. | vitamin A |
B. | vitamin C |
C. | vitamin D |
D. | vitamin E |
E. | vitamin K |
Answer» B. vitamin C |
96. |
The largest daily volume of secretions in the GIT originates in the: |
A. | salivary glands |
B. | stomach |
C. | gallbladder (bile) |
D. | pancreas |
E. | intestine |
Answer» B. stomach |
97. |
Iron: |
A. | most dietary iron is in the ferrous state |
B. | most iron is absorbed in the upper small intestine |
C. | a ferritin micelle contains 1,000 atoms of iron |
D. | 90% of body iron is in haemoglobin |
E. | 10% of dietary iron is normally absorbed |
Answer» B. most iron is absorbed in the upper small intestine |
98. |
Ketone bodies: |
A. | are not formed under normal conditions |
B. | are all moderately strong acids |
C. | are formed when intracellular glucose is deficient |
D. | are easily metabolised in the liver |
E. | all of the above |
Answer» C. are formed when intracellular glucose is deficient |
99. |
Creatinuria can occur in all EXCEPT: |
A. | healthy children |
B. | pregnant women |
C. | starvation |
D. | hypothyroidism |
E. | poorly controlled diabetes mellitus |
Answer» D. hypothyroidism |
100. |
Cations in normal (fasting) gastric juice include all EXCEPT: |
A. | Na+ |
B. | Ca++ |
C. | K+ |
D. | Mg++ |
E. | H+ |
Answer» B. Ca++ |
Done Reading?