Chapter: Endocrine and Gastrointestinal Tract
1.

Which is a water soluble vitamin?

A. D
B. B12
C. A
D. K
Answer» B. B12
2.

Which is not Na+ dependent for absorption?

A. thiamin
B. riboflavin
C. niacin
D. folate
Answer» D. folate
3.

Which is absorbed mainly in the colon?

A. short chain fatty acids
B. calcium
C. vitamin K
D. oligosaccharides
Answer» A. short chain fatty acids
4.

Which is INCORRECT regarding nerve supply to the gut?

A. the blood vessels are known to have enteric, parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation
B. the myenteric plexus lies between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers
C. parasympathetic supply is via vagal and sacral nerve
D. sympathetic supply is often inhibitory on cholinergic postganglionic fibres
Answer» A. the blood vessels are known to have enteric, parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation
5.

Gastrin secretion is stimulated by all but:

A. luminal peptides
B. vagal discharge
C. luminal acid
D. phenylalanine
Answer» C. luminal acid
6.

The actions of gastrin include all but:

A. insulin secretion in response to a carbohydrate meal
B. a trophic effect on colonic mucosa
C. a trophic effect on gastric mucosa
D. pepsin secretion
Answer» A. insulin secretion in response to a carbohydrate meal
7.

Which is NOT an action of CCK?

A. gallbladder contraction
B. increased gastric motility and emptying
C. glucagon secretion
D. secretion of pancreatic juice
Answer» B. increased gastric motility and emptying
8.

Which hormone is most important in insulin secretion?

A. gastrin
B. CCK
C. GIP
D. secretin
Answer» C. GIP
9.

Which produces the majority of salivary volume?

A. lingual glands
B. sublingual
C. parotid
D. submandibular
Answer» D. submandibular
10.

Which nerve is NOT involved in the efferent (motor) swallow reflex?

A. trigeminal
B. vagus
C. facial
D. hypoglossal
Answer» B. vagus
11.

Which is NOT part of the normal content of gastric juice?

A. HPO4 2-
B. mucus
C. lipase
D. amylase
Answer» D. amylase
12.

Chief cells secrete:

A. HCl
B. pepsinogen
C. intrinsic factor
D. HCO3-
Answer» B. pepsinogen
13.

Which stimulates parietal cell secretion?

A. prostaglandins
B. aspirin
C. vinegar
D. acetylcholine
Answer» D. acetylcholine
14.

Regarding bilirubin:

A. unconjugated bilirubin is more soluble than conjugated
B. all conjugated bilirubin is excreted via the intestine
C. bile duct obstruction causes jaundice secondary to unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia
D. haemolytic anaemia may cause ?????? hyperbilirubinaemia
Answer» D. haemolytic anaemia may cause ?????? hyperbilirubinaemia
15.

Which form of intestinal smooth muscle contraction does NOT occur in normal health?

A. peristalsis
B. weak antiperistalsis
C. peristaltic rushes
D. tonic contractions
Answer» C. peristaltic rushes
16.

In the adrenal medulla:

A. epinephrine is formed by the hydroxylation and decarboxylation of tyrosine
B. 10% of the cells are the epinephrine-secreting type
C. plasma norepinephrine levels are generally unchanged after adrenalectomy
D. catecholamine t1/2 is 10 minutes in the circulation
Answer» C. plasma norepinephrine levels are generally unchanged after adrenalectomy
17.

In the adrenal cortex:

A. the zona glomerulosa has 17 alpha-hydroxylase and no aldosterone synthase
B. all the cholesterol is synthesised from acetate
C. zona fasciculata makes up 10% of the mass of the adrenal gland
D. angiotensin II binds to receptors in the zona reticularis
Answer» E.
18.

Regarding the islets of Langerhans:

A. D cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide
B. A cells are the most common
C. they are most plentiful in the body of the pancreas
D. blood from the islets drain into the hepatic portal vein
Answer» D. blood from the islets drain into the hepatic portal vein
19.

Which factor stimulates insulin secretion?

A. thiazide diuretics
B. phenytoin
C. theophylline
D. β blockers
Answer» C. theophylline
20.

Thyroid hormones increase the oxygen consumption of:

A. lymph nodes
B. spleen
C. brain
D. anterior pituitary gland
Answer» E.
21.

The action of gastrin includes all EXCEPT:

A. stimulation of insulin secretion after a carbohydrate meal
B. stimulation of gastric acid secretion
C. stimulation of gastric motility
D. contraction of gastro-oesophageal junction musculature
Answer» A. stimulation of insulin secretion after a carbohydrate meal
22.

Regarding protein metabolism, which statement is CORRECT?

A. increases the respiratory quotient to values > 1.0
B. has a specific dynamic action (SDA) of approximately 10%
C. endogenous protein breakdown is inhibited by glucagon
D. creatinine excretion is not depressed in starvation
Answer» D. creatinine excretion is not depressed in starvation
23.

Regarding fat metabolism, which statement is CORRECT?

A. ketone bodies accumulate in DKA due to a lack of acetyl-CoA substrate
B. fatty acids are transported in the plasma bound to lipoprotein complexes
C. cholesterol is transported from extra-hepatic cells to the liver by high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) in the endogenous pathway
D. eicosanoids are synthesised from cholesterol
Answer» C. cholesterol is transported from extra-hepatic cells to the liver by high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) in the endogenous pathway
24.

Thyroxine:

A. is mostly bound to albumin in the plasma, since this has the largest capacity
B. is 2-5 times more potent that triiodothyronine (T3)
C. stimulates TSH release
D. ∼33% is deiodinated in the liver to T3
Answer» D. ∼33% is deiodinated in the liver to T3
25.

Insulin:

A. binds to GLUT 1-5 receptors in the peripheral tissues
B. deficiency results in increased gluconeogenesis
C. has a plasma half-life of 2-3 hours
D. is secreted by the pancreatic A cells
Answer» E.
26.

With respect to calcium metabolism / bone formation:

A. osteoclasts secrete alkaline phosphatase
B. osteoblasts are haemopoietic derivatives of monocyte lineage
C. 1,25(OH)2 ???D3 and PTH stimulate both osteoblasts and osteoclasts
D. oestrogens are thought to be protective of osteoporosis as their main effect is osteoblasts stimulation
Answer» C. 1,25(OH)2 ???D3 and PTH stimulate both osteoblasts and osteoclasts
27.

All of the following, except one, inhibit insulin secretion. Which is it?

A. somatostatin
B. thiazide diuretics
C. propranolol
D. insulin
Answer» E.
28.

All but one of the following compounds releases large amounts of energy on breakdown:

A. cAMP
B. ATP
C. creatine phosphate
D. ADP
Answer» A. cAMP
29.

Which is TRUE?

A. adenosine triphosphate is a low energy phosphate
B. reduction involves loss of hydrogen or electrons
C. oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum
D. ATP is precursor of cyclic AMP
Answer» D. ATP is precursor of cyclic AMP
30.

Small intestine:

A. the ligament of Treitz the jejunum becomes the ileum
B. the distance pylorus to ileocecal valve in living humans is 700cm
C. malabsorption syndrome may develop if 25% of the small intestine is removed
D. colonic peristalsis is the first smooth muscle action of the GIT to return after abdominal operation
Answer» E.
31.

Regarding thyroid hormones:

A. little T3 is produced peripherally by deiodination T4
B. albumin has more capacity to bind thyroid hormones than TBG
C. TBG has less affinity for thyroid hormone than albumin
D. thyroid hormones stimulate lipogenesis
Answer» B. albumin has more capacity to bind thyroid hormones than TBG
32.

A calorie is:

A. standard unit of heat energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1L of water 1° from 15-16°C
B. standard unit of heat energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1gm of mercury 1° from 17-18°C
C. the standard unit of heat energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1gm of water 1° from 17-18°C
D. the standard unit of heat energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1gm of water 1° from 15-16°C
Answer» D. the standard unit of heat energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1gm of water 1° from 15-16°C
33.

Regarding the respiratory quotient:

A. it is the ratio of CO2 to O2 at any time
B. RQ of fat is 0.8
C. increases with hyperventilation
D. increases in metabolic alkalosis
Answer» E.
34.

Regarding basal metabolic rate:

A. it is higher in women
B. it is determined at rest within 12 hours after the last meal
C. increases by 18% for each 1°C of fever
D. is about 40Kcal/m2/h in an average man
Answer» D. is about 40Kcal/m2/h in an average man
35.

Which is NOT a high energy compound?

A. CoA
B. GGP
C. ITP
D. creatine phosphate
Answer» B. GGP
36.

Regarding carbohydrate metabolism:

A. glucokinase is increased in starvation
B. the breakdown of glycogen is called glycolysis
C. the direct oxidative pathway involves the breakdown of glucose through triose
D. the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is irreversible
Answer» D. the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is irreversible
37.

Which is NOT produced by the citric acid cycle?

A. NAD+
B. CO2
C. GTP
D. FADH2
Answer» A. NAD+
38.

Regarding phosphorylase:

A. it clea???? 1:6α linkages in glycogen
B. it is activated by norepinephrine
C. phosphorylase kinase is directly activated by cyclic AMP
D. activation of protein kinase A inhibits glycogen synthesis
Answer» D. activation of protein kinase A inhibits glycogen synthesis
39.

Which amino acid is not found in protein?

A. ornithine
B. arginine
C. valine
D. aspartic acid
E. β-Alanine
Answer» E. β-Alanine
40.

Regarding electrolyte absorption:

A. cholera toxin binds to adenosine diphosphate ribose to the subunit of Gs, stimulative ATPase activity
B. active transport of Na+ into the small intestine enterocytes is coupled with the absorption of glucose
C. magnesium sulphate absorption is coupled with Na+ -K+ -ATPase pump
D. the Na+ -K+ ATPase pumps are located at the luminal membrane of the enterocyte
Answer» E.
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