180+ Foundations of Sociology Solved MCQs

1.

Impersonal and transitory interaction exists in ___________ groups.

A. primary
B. in-group
C. social
D. secondary
Answer» D. secondary
2.

The Enlightenment was in many respects a renaissance of __________

A. scientific thought
B. blind belief
C. superstition
D. religious belief
Answer» A. scientific thought
3.

_____ granted citizens individual freedoms and removed old established orders such as the church
and crown, and gave people a new perspective of
the worldand the society in which they live

A. french revolution
B. scientific revolution
C. industrial revolution
D. russian revolution
Answer» A. french revolution
4.

Amalgamation favors the process of ____________.

A. acculturation
B. diffusion
C. assimilation
D. none of the above
Answer» C. assimilation
5.

Urbanisation and ______led to the emergence of the working class as a large
and powerful body, which led to the birth of Marxism, and gave people a new
perspective and relationship with the society they lived in

A. industrialisation
B. modernisation
C. westernisation
D. sanskritisation
Answer» A. industrialisation
6.

Sociological ___________ allows people to see the relationship between their personal experiences and broader social and historical events.

A. consciousness
B. imagination
C. questions
D. theory
Answer» B. imagination
7.

The second Estate in the Estate system

A. clergy
B. nobles
C. commoners
D. labourers
Answer» B. nobles
8.

The material and non-material components of culture are often referred to as the _________ of culture.

A. theme
B. combination
C. content
D. concept
Answer» C. content
9.

The power of _______ was based on the Church

A. clergy
B. nobles
C. commoners
D. labourers
Answer» A. clergy
10.

___________ culture is communicated mostly to the like-minded.

A. non-material
B. explicit
C. material
D. utilitarian
Answer» A. non-material
11.

____ served as councillors to the royalty, diplomats and governors

A. clergy
B. nobles
C. commoners
D. labourers
Answer» B. nobles
12.

Surplus extraction was carried out by the impersonal laws of the market in ___

A. feudalism
B. capitalism
C. socialism
D. communism
Answer» B. capitalism
13.

Identify a slow and gradual process from the following.

A. assimilation
B. acculturation
C. integration
D. diffusion
Answer» A. assimilation
14.

A group to which individuals refer when making judgments.

A. voluntary group
B. membership group
C. in-group
D. reference group
Answer» D. reference group
15.

The intellectual movement called ―The Enlightenment‖ is usually associated with the ______

A. 15th century
B. 16th century
C. 17th century
D. 18th century
Answer» D. 18th century
16.

The Enlightenment is associated with which of the following thinkers

A. merton
B. parsons
C. simmel
D. diderot
Answer» D. diderot
17.

―Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains. Those who think
themselves the masters of others are indeed greater slaves than they.‖
Name the book which opens with these lines

A. positive philosophy
B. das capital
C. the social contract
D. the city
Answer» C. the social contract
18.

The basic unit of cultural reality is the cultural __________.

A. complex
B. trait
C. theme
D. construct
Answer» B. trait
19.

In a democracy, the ______ are sovereign

A. people
B. relationships
C. roles
D. positions
Answer» A. people
20.

Cultural __________ are nothing but larger clusters of traits organized about some nuclear point of reference.

A. complex
B. patterns
C. elements
D. traits
Answer» A. complex
21.

____________ is the spread of a culture pattern from one culture area to another.

A. acculturation
B. assimilation
C. enculturation
D. culture diffusion
Answer» D. culture diffusion
22.

Non-conformity to a set of norms is known as __________.

A. crime
B. habit
C. deviance
D. none of the above
Answer» C. deviance
23.

The spirit of extreme _____ arises when the people are no longer content to be equal as citizens, but want to be equal in every respect

A. inequality
B. equality
C. neutrality
D. sovereignity
Answer» B. equality
24.

__________ constitute the treasury of our social heritage.

A. norms
B. folkways
C. customs
D. laws
Answer» C. customs
25.

In _____ , one part of the people governs the rest

A. aristocracy
B. despotism
C. laissez faire
D. communism
Answer» A. aristocracy
26.

The _____________ status is the position assigned to an individual without reference to his innate differences and abilities.

A. social
B. ascribed
C. group
D. achieved
Answer» B. ascribed
27.

The opinion held by people on any issue for the welfare of the whole community.

A. personal opinion
B. public opinion
C. verdict
D. petitions
Answer» B. public opinion
28.

_____________ is the integrated system of learned behavior patterns.

A. culture
B. group
C. institution
D. society
Answer» A. culture
29.

_______ is the virtue which leads those who govern in an aristocracy to
restrain themselves both from oppressing the people and from trying to
acquire excessive power over one another

A. political virtue
B. honour
C. moderation
D. fear
Answer» C. moderation
30.

The components of material culture are __________ and objective.

A. external
B. internal
C. tangiblen
D. both a&c
Answer» B. internal
31.

_____________ is judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one‘s own culture.

A. universalism
B. ethnocentrism
C. xenocentrism
D. racism
Answer» B. ethnocentrism
32.

The principle of democracy is _______

A. political virtue
B. honour
C. moderation
D. fear
Answer» A. political virtue
33.

The study of large scale organizations or social systems belongs to _________ sociology.

A. micro
B. industrial
C. macro
D. descriptive
Answer» C. macro
34.

Who was the first to use the term sociology as a way of studying the world in terms of society?

A. comte
B. spencer
C. durkheim
D. marx
Answer» A. comte
35.

Name the culturally based tendency to value other cultures more highly than one‘s own.

A. ethnocentrism
B. cultural relativism
C. acculturation
D. xenocentrism
Answer» D. xenocentrism
36.

For Tonnies, ___________ is the form of social cohesion prevalent in pre-industrial societies.

A. collectivity
B. gesselschaft
C. gemeinschaft
D. congregate
Answer» C. gemeinschaft
37.

Which is not a characteristic of groups?

A. plurality of individuals
B. reciprocity
C. antagonism
D. we-feeling
Answer» C. antagonism
38.

Who among the following could be considered as an enlightenment philosopher?

A. aristotle
B. plato
C. socrates
D. montesquieu
Answer» D. montesquieu
39.

The principle of despotism is _____

A. political virtue
B. honour
C. moderation
D. fear
Answer» D. fear
40.

Knowledge is an example of ______________ culture.

A. material
B. non-material
C. explicit
D. none of the above
Answer» B. non-material
41.

Functionalism and conflict theories tend towards ________ sociological analysis.

A. micro
B. modern
C. macro
D. current
Answer» C. macro
42.

__________ implies a value-judgement about the folkways.

A. sanction
B. custom
C. tradition
D. mores
Answer» D. mores
43.

______ had introduced the concept of ―industrialization‖

A. saint-simon
B. rousseau
C. montesquieu
D. voltaire
Answer» A. saint-simon
44.

Saint-Simon is a primary figure of ______

A. socialism
B. capitalism
C. despotism
D. communism
Answer» A. socialism
45.

The long established habits and usages of people

A. norms
B. rituals
C. customs
D. manners
Answer» C. customs
46.

The society maintains its order by means of __________ system.

A. normative
B. interaction
C. cultural
D. conventional
Answer» A. normative
47.

________ claimed that human beings enjoy natural rights over the political ones

A. ethical socialism
B. monopolistic socialism
C. neutral socialism
D. instrumental socialism
Answer» A. ethical socialism
48.

Modes of action which do not conform to the norms of a society.

A. violence
B. deviance
C. rejection
D. crime
Answer» B. deviance
49.

A social relationship in society involves __________ awareness.

A. personal
B. reciprocal
C. self
D. social
Answer» B. reciprocal
50.

_______ postulated everyone‘s right to a decent living standard and the right to human relations in the emerging urban and industrial society

A. ethical socialism
B. monopolistic socialism
C. neutral socialism
D. instrumental socialism
Answer» A. ethical socialism
51.

Which of the following events was integral to the emergence of sociology?

A. french revolution
B. westernisation
C. globalisation
D. modernisation
Answer» A. french revolution
52.

Which of the following laid the foundation for French Revolution?

A. dark ages
B. communism
C. enlightenment
D. globalisation
Answer» C. enlightenment
53.

A role is the ————— aspect of status.

A. counter
B. dynamic
C. static
D. latent
Answer» D. latent
54.

Under __________, land was the main means of production

A. feudalism
B. capitalism
C. socialism
D. communism
Answer» A. feudalism
55.

According to _____ , the force of human Reason replaced established authority, such as the Church and the King

A. enlightenment
B. capitalism
C. socialism
D. communism
Answer» A. enlightenment
56.

_________ represent ‗standardized generalization‘ concerning expected modes of behavior.

A. values
B. customs
C. norms
D. sanctions
Answer» C. norms
57.

The power of _______ was based on the feudal seigniorial system

A. clergy
B. nobles
C. commoners
D. labourers
Answer» B. nobles
58.

_______ was a period of intellectual development and change in philosophical thought beginning in the eighteenth century

A. enlightenment
B. capitalism
C. socialism
D. communism
Answer» A. enlightenment
59.

Social status based on an individual‘s effort.

A. achieved
B. ascribed
C. merit
D. none of the above
Answer» A. achieved
60.

In Europe, ______ was one of the torchbearers of Enlightenment literature and philosophy

A. rousseau
B. parsons
C. simmel
D. merton
Answer» A. rousseau
61.

Conformity implies behaving in accordance with the _________.

A. groups
B. culture
C. situations
D. norms
Answer» D. norms
62.

Auguste Comte was a _______ philosopher

A. french
B. german
C. russian
D. austrian
Answer» A. french
63.

_______ coined the term sociology as a social science to study about society

A. comte
B. spencer
C. durkheim
D. marx
Answer» A. comte
64.

Emotional warmth and spontaneity exist in __________ group.

A. social
B. primary
C. secondary
D. special
Answer» B. primary
65.

________ proposed the doctrine of Positivism

A. comte
B. spencer
C. durkheim
D. marx
Answer» A. comte
66.

__________ interaction consists of vocal or other gestures and language, spoken or written.

A. direct
B. symbolic
C. social
D. personal
Answer» B. symbolic
67.

Who defined Sociology as a positive science?

A. comte
B. spencer
C. durkheim
D. marx
Answer» A. comte
68.

_______ is the search for ―invariant laws of the natural and social world.‖

A. naturism
B. socialism
C. positivism
D. idealism
Answer» C. positivism
69.

In ___________ interaction, interaction occurs among people who are present in the same setting, but are not engaged in face- to- face communication.

A. focused
B. formal
C. unfocused
D. informal
Answer» C. unfocused
70.

_______ consists of the investigations of laws of action and reaction of different parts of the social system

A. social dynamics
B. social statics
C. social biology
D. social chemistry
Answer» B. social statics
71.

The French revolution led to the emergence of ______

A. nationalism
B. socialism
C. communism
D. capitalism
Answer» A. nationalism
72.

Which among the following is an indirect method of social control?

A. folkways
B. propaganda
C. customs
D. religion
Answer» B. propaganda
73.

________ focuses on whole societies as the unit of analysis and how they developed and changed through time

A. social dynamics
B. social statics
C. social biology
D. social chemistry
Answer» A. social dynamics
74.

___________ is a negative social sanction.

A. praise
B. suggestion
C. reward
D. punishment
Answer» D. punishment
75.

In ________ stage, people come to believe that all phenomena are created and influenced by gods and supernatural forces

A. theological
B. metaphysical
C. positivist
D. revolutionary
Answer» A. theological
76.

The group which is more influential than family among the adolescents is __________.

A. occupational group
B. peer group
C. out-group
D. religion
Answer» B. peer group
77.

_______ signaled the beginning of sociology as a discipline

A. middle age
B. stone age
C. dark age
D. enlightenment
Answer» D. enlightenment
78.

____________ are general abstract moral principles defining what is right or wrong.

A. values
B. folkways
C. sanctions
D. rules
Answer» A. values
79.

The type of social stratification that existed in France during the time of French revolution

A. capitalism
B. class system
C. estate system
D. caste system
Answer» C. estate system
80.

Name the expected behaviour of an individual occupying a particular social position.

A. role
B. norm
C. ritual
D. folkways
Answer» A. role
81.

The French Revolution began in _____

A. 1787
B. 1788
C. 1789
D. 1790
Answer» C. 1789
82.

The most important status a person occupies, the one that most defines a person‘s social identity and general social position.

A. ascribed status
B. master status
C. social status
D. achieved status
Answer» B. master status
83.

The ________ stage is a transitional stage in which mysterious, abstract forces
replace supernatural forces as the powers that explain the workings of the
world

A. theological
B. metaphysical
C. positivist
D. revolutionary
Answer» B. metaphysical
84.

Which of the following is a work of Rousseau?

A. positive philosophy
B. das capital
C. the social contract
D. the city
Answer» C. the social contract
85.

Group in which individuals interact over a long period of time on a direct and personal basis

A. formal group
B. large group
C. reference group
D. primary group
Answer» D. primary group
86.

In ____ stage, people search for invariant laws that govern all of the phenomena of the world.
a) Theological b) Metaphysical c) Positivist d) Revolutionary
92. ____________ makes possible the ―conversation of gestures.‖

A. cyber space
B. language
C. physical proximity
D. group
Answer» C. physical proximity
87.

Who proposed sociology to be studied in two main parts- social statics and social dynamics?

A. comte
B. spencer
C. durkheim
D. marx
Answer» A. comte
88.

The system in which all the means of production belonged to the capitalist

A. communism
B. socialism
C. capitalism
D. nationalism
Answer» C. capitalism
89.

Segmented personality involvement exists in ____________ group.

A. in-group
B. secondary
C. informal
D. primary
Answer» B. secondary
90.

The ______ stage is the last and highest stage in Comte‘s work

A. theological
B. metaphysical
C. positivist
D. revolutionary
Answer» C. positivist
91.

The distinction between in-group and out-group is ____________.

A. simple
B. tangible
C. concrete
D. overlapping
Answer» D. overlapping
92.

______ seeks empirical regularities, which are correlations between two variables

A. naturism
B. totemism
C. positivism
D. fetishism
Answer» C. positivism
93.

The transference of cultural elements from one sphere to another is called ________.

A. acculturation
B. evolution
C. diffusion
D. dominatio
Answer» C. diffusion
94.

The _____ saw massive changes in society by the destruction of the feudal system and the establishment of capitalism

A. french revolution
B. scientific revolution
C. industrial revolution
D. russian revolution
Answer» C. industrial revolution
95.

Comte says that method to study about society must be _______

A. scientific
B. speculative
C. tentative
D. approximate
Answer» A. scientific
96.

―Man is a social animal.‖ Who said so?

A. comte
B. aristotle
C. plato
D. karl marx
Answer» B. aristotle
97.

The first social thinker who developed Darwinian evolutionism in the society

A. weber
B. spencer
C. durkheim
D. marx
Answer» B. spencer
98.

Culture bound or culture specific traits are known as ________ culture.

A. emic
B. counter
C. etic
D. universal
Answer» A. emic
99.

The third Estate in the Estate system

A. clergy
B. nobles
C. commoners
D. labourers
Answer» C. commoners
100.

―A social group is a system of social interaction.‖ Who defined so?

A. h.m.johnson
B. marshal jones
C. bogardus
D. simmel
Answer» A. h.m.johnson
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