What were the major architectural innovations introduced during the Mughal period in medieval India?

The Mughal period in medieval India introduced several significant architectural innovations:

• Fusion of Islamic and Indian styles: Mughal architecture blended Persian, Central Asian, and Indian architectural elements, creating a unique Indo-Islamic style.
• Use of red sandstone and white marble: These materials became signature elements in Mughal buildings, often used in combination for aesthetic contrast.
• Charbagh garden layout: A quadrilateral garden design divided by walkways or flowing water, symbolizing the four rivers of Paradise.
• Pietra dura: An inlay technique using precious and semi-precious stones to create intricate designs on marble surfaces.
• Double domes: An inner and outer dome structure that allowed for taller, more imposing buildings while maintaining proportionate interiors.
• Extensive use of arches and vaults: These allowed for larger, more open interior spaces.

Notable examples include:

• Taj Mahal, Agra: The epitome of Mughal architecture, showcasing symmetry, white marble, and pietra dura work.
• Fatehpur Sikri: A city complex demonstrating the fusion of Hindu and Islamic architectural styles.
• Humayun's Tomb, Delhi: An early example of Mughal garden-tomb style, influencing later monuments.

For more information, you can refer to the Archaeological Survey of India's page on Mughal Architecture.