Which of the following drugs cause diuresis by the mechanisms indicated?

The correct answer is E. Chlorothiazide – by inhibiting active sodium transport in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. Chlorothiazide belongs to the class of thiazide diuretics, which act by blocking the Na+/Cl- cotransporter in the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron, thereby reducing sodium and chloride reabsorption and increasing urine output². The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is also involved in sodium reabsorption, but it is the site of action of loop diuretics, such as frusemide, which inhibit the Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter¹². Frusemide does not inhibit carbonic anhydrase, which is the mechanism of action of another class of diuretics, such as acetazolamide¹². Ethanol does not prevent the reabsorption of sodium from renal tubular fluid, but rather inhibits the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the posterior pituitary gland, which reduces water reabsorption in the collecting ducts³. Digoxin does not inhibit the release of ADH, but rather increases it by stimulating the cardiac vagal fibers, which enhances the baroreceptor reflex and reduces the sympathetic activity⁴. Dopamine does not inhibit active transport of chloride over the entire length of the descending limb of the loop of Henle, but rather stimulates the dopaminergic receptors in the proximal tubule, which increases sodium excretion and renal blood flow⁴.

Source: Conversation with Bing, 11/7/2023
(1) Diuretics in clinical practice. Part I: mechanisms of action .... https://www.eshonline.org/esh-content/uploads/2019/07/1.-Diuretics-in-clinical-Practice.-Part1.pdf.
(2) Mechanism of action of diuretics - UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/mechanism-of-action-of-diuretics.
(3) Diuretic Mechanism - News-Medical.net. https://www.news-medical.net/health/Diuretic-Mechanism.aspx.
(4) How Diuretics Work: Types, Mechanism of Action, and Side Effects. https://www.steadyhealth.com/medical-answers/how-diuretics-work-types-mechanism-of-action-and-side-effects.
(5) undefined. https://www.wolterskluwer.com/en/know/clinical-effectiveness-terms.