Q.

Regarding jugular pressure waves:

A. the ‘v’ wave denotes the increased atrial pressure due to the bulging of the tricuspid valve during isovolumetric ventricular contraction
B. in tricuspid insufficiency, there is a giant ‘A’ wave with each ventricular systole
C. atrial premature beats produce an ‘A’ wave
D. the ‘v’ wave occurs during systole
E. a giant ‘C’ wave (‘cannon wave’) may be seen in complete heart block
Answer» C. atrial premature beats produce an ‘A’ wave

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