McqMate
These multiple-choice questions (MCQs) are designed to enhance your knowledge and understanding in the following areas: Biology .
| 51. |
Interleukin 1 causes |
| A. | Neutropaenia |
| B. | Decreased sleep |
| C. | Decreased prostaglandin synthesis |
| D. | Increased collagen synthesis |
| E. | Decreased leukocyte adherence |
| Answer» D. Increased collagen synthesis | |
| 52. |
Thrombosis is potentiated by all of the following except |
| A. | von Willebrand factor deficiency |
| B. | Protein S deficiency |
| C. | Antithrombin III deficiency |
| D. | Thrombotic thrombocytopenia |
| E. | Acute leukaemia |
| Answer» A. von Willebrand factor deficiency | |
| 53. |
Acute compensatory mechanisms in shock include all of the following except |
| A. | Baroreceptor reflexes |
| B. | Reverse stress-relaxation of vascular smooth muscle |
| C. | The effects of increased aldosterone secretion |
| D. | Activation of the renin-angiotensin system |
| E. | The central nervous system ischaemic response |
| Answer» C. The effects of increased aldosterone secretion | |
| 54. |
The following are primary mediators of type I hypersensitivity reactions except |
| A. | Adenosine |
| B. | Neutrophil chemotactic factor |
| C. | Heparin |
| D. | Platelet activating factor |
| E. | Acid hydrolases |
| Answer» D. Platelet activating factor | |
| 55. |
Malignant neoplasms |
| A. | Are independent of hormonal influence |
| B. | Are always composed of homogeneous cell lines |
| C. | Arise from differentiated cells by a process of anaplasia |
| D. | Display abnormal nuclei with pale nucleoli |
| E. | Typically grow more rapidly than benign |
| Answer» E. Typically grow more rapidly than benign | |
| 56. |
Regarding metastasis |
| A. | All carcinomas have the ability to metastasise |
| B. | Highly invasive carcinomas rarely metastasise |
| C. | Carcinomas typically spread via lymphatics compared with haematogenous spread |
| D. | Tumour cells develop increased cohesiveness of their cell surface in the formation of cancer cell emboli |
| E. | Cells involved in lymphatic dissemination release degradative enzymes |
| Answer» E. Cells involved in lymphatic dissemination release degradative enzymes | |
| 57. |
HIV infection |
| A. | Is caused by rhinovirus |
| B. | Results in increased CD4 and T cell memory |
| C. | Results in inversion at the CD4-CD8 ratio |
| D. | Increases immature precursors of CD4 and T cells |
| E. | Causes a CD4-CD8 ratio close to 2 |
| Answer» C. Results in inversion at the CD4-CD8 ratio | |
| 58. |
A typical feature of AIDS |
| A. | Decreased delayed type hypersensitivity reaction |
| B. | Lymphocytosis |
| C. | Hypogammaglobulinaemia |
| D. | Increase CD4 and T cells |
| E. | Increase chemotaxis and phagocytosis |
| Answer» A. Decreased delayed type hypersensitivity reaction | |
| 59. |
In reversible cell injury, all are true except |
| A. | ATP depletion is responsible for acute cellular swelling |
| B. | Can cause myocardial cells to cease contraction within 60 seconds |
| C. | ATP is generated anaerobically from creatine phosphate |
| D. | Mitochondrial swelling and degranulation of ER are the hallmarks of irreversible cellular damage |
| E. | Is associated with myelin figures |
| Answer» D. Mitochondrial swelling and degranulation of ER are the hallmarks of irreversible cellular damage | |
| 60. |
Metaplasia |
| A. | Is irreversible |
| B. | Is commonly a change from squamous to columnar epithelium |
| C. | An example is the transformation of epithelial cells into chondroblasts to produce cartilage |
| D. | Retinoids may play a role |
| E. | Even if the stimuli is persistent, it is a benign lesion |
| Answer» D. Retinoids may play a role | |
| 61. |
In apoptosis |
| A. | It involves physiologic and pathologic stimuli |
| B. | Histologically, it involves coagulation necrosis |
| C. | Its DNA breakdown is random and diffuse |
| D. | Its mechanism involves ATP depletion |
| E. | It involves an inflammatory tissue reaction |
| Answer» A. It involves physiologic and pathologic stimuli | |
| 62. |
Hyperplasia |
| A. | Occurs after partial hepatectomy |
| B. | Refers to an increase in the size of cells |
| C. | Is always a pathologic process |
| D. | Often occurs in cardiac and skeletal muscle |
| E. | Usually progresses to cancerous proliferation |
| Answer» A. Occurs after partial hepatectomy | |
| 63. |
Metastatic calcification |
| A. | Causes widespread tissue damage |
| B. | Occurs with normal calcium levels |
| C. | Can be caused by systemic sarcoidosis |
| D. | Occurs in hypothyroidism |
| E. | Is caused by drinking large quantities of milk |
| Answer» C. Can be caused by systemic sarcoidosis | |
| 64. |
Mumps virus is a |
| A. | Adenovirus |
| B. | Herpes virus |
| C. | Paramyxovirus |
| D. | Pox virus |
| E. | Picornavirus |
| Answer» C. Paramyxovirus | |
| 65. |
Prothrombotic characteristics of endothelium include |
| A. | Plasminogen activator |
| B. | Prostacyclin |
| C. | von Willebrand factor |
| D. | Thrombomodulin |
| E. | Heparin like molecules |
| Answer» C. von Willebrand factor | |
| 66. |
Regarding giant cell arteritis, which statement is not correct |
| A. | Affects medium arteries |
| B. | Affects small arteries including vertebral |
| C. | Affects small arteries including ophthalmic |
| D. | Has an increased prevalence of HLA-DR4 |
| E. | Has no gastrointestinal manifestations |
| Answer» E. Has no gastrointestinal manifestations | |
| 67. |
All of the following organisms cause a clinical effect via the production of an exotoxin except |
| A. | Clostridium tetani |
| B. | Staphylococcus aureus |
| C. | E. coli |
| D. | Pseudomonas aerugenosa |
| E. | Vibrio cholera |
| Answer» D. Pseudomonas aerugenosa | |
| 68. |
Select the true statement concerning atherosclerosis |
| A. | Congenital absence of LDL cholesterol leads to premature atherosclerosis |
| B. | Thoracic aorta is more likely to be involved than the abdominal |
| C. | Fatty streaks appear in the aortas of children as young as 1 year |
| D. | Fatty streaks are destined to become atherosclerotic plaques |
| E. | Endothelial disruption always precedes atheroma development |
| Answer» C. Fatty streaks appear in the aortas of children as young as 1 year | |
| 69. |
Select the false statement concerning atherosclerosis |
| A. | Familial hypercholesterolaemia is associated with inadequate hepatic uptake of LDL |
| B. | CMV has been detected in human atheromatous plaques |
| C. | Fibrous atheromatous plaques are capable of regression |
| D. | Foam cells can be considered to be specialised macrophages |
| E. | Atherosclerosis is associated with medial calcific sclerosis |
| Answer» E. Atherosclerosis is associated with medial calcific sclerosis | |
| 70. |
An infectious complication of transfusion |
| A. | Is most commonly Hepatitis C |
| B. | Is most commonly Hepatitis B |
| C. | Is rarely transmission of HIV since screening was instituted |
| D. | Never includes gonorrhoea or malaria |
| E. | Can be clinically apparent mononucleosis in about 7% of cases |
| Answer» A. Is most commonly Hepatitis C | |
| 71. |
Which of the following is true concerning rhabdomyolysis |
| A. | It is caused by injury to smooth muscle |
| B. | Its diagnosis depends on the presence of characteristic physical findings |
| C. | The final common pathway of injury involves damage to the sarcolemma |
| D. | Renal failure is due to acute glomerular nephritis |
| E. | Occurs only in trauma |
| Answer» C. The final common pathway of injury involves damage to the sarcolemma | |
| 72. |
Neutrophilia is generally caused by all of the following except |
| A. | Inflammatory disease |
| B. | Bacterial infection |
| C. | Viral infection |
| D. | Corticosteroids |
| E. | Stress |
| Answer» C. Viral infection | |
| 73. |
Which of the following is true of chronic myeloid leukaemia |
| A. | Most common leukaemia |
| B. | Decreased leukocyte alkaline phosphatase level |
| C. | Usually occurs in patients less than 40 years old |
| D. | Increased WBC count with an abnormal differential |
| E. | Rarely associated with the Philadelphia chromosome |
| Answer» B. Decreased leukocyte alkaline phosphatase level | |
| 74. |
All of the following are cardiac compensatory responses that occur in heart failure except |
| A. | Cardiac muscle fibre stretching |
| B. | Increased adrenergic receptors on cardiac cells |
| C. | Chamber hypertrophy |
| D. | Decreased heart rate |
| E. | Increased vasopressin levels |
| Answer» D. Decreased heart rate | |
| 75. |
Shock in burn patients is primarily due to |
| A. | Neurogenic factors |
| B. | Hypovolaemia |
| C. | Acute erythrocyte haemolysis |
| D. | Myocardial depression factor |
| E. | All of the above |
| Answer» E. All of the above | |
| 76. |
The immediate lethal dose of radiation exposure for humans in a non-mass casualty situation is |
| A. | 50 rads |
| B. | 150 rads |
| C. | 250 rads |
| D. | 350 rads |
| E. | 450 rads |
| Answer» E. 450 rads | |
| 77. |
With regard to apoptosis, which of the following is incorrect |
| A. | it may be regarded as a normal physiological process |
| B. | it is characterised by chromatin condensation |
| C. | it often elicits a strong inflammatory response |
| D. | it is the process by which ovaries atrophy in post menopausal women |
| E. | it is characterised by cell shrinkage |
| Answer» C. it often elicits a strong inflammatory response | |
| 78. |
With regard to the acute inflammatory response, which is the most common mechanism of vascular leakage |
| A. | endothelial cell contraction |
| B. | junctional retraction |
| C. | direct injury |
| D. | leukocyte-dependent leakage |
| E. | regenerating endothelium |
| Answer» A. endothelial cell contraction | |
| 79. |
With regard to cellular injury, all of the following are reversible except |
| A. | decreased ATP |
| B. | intracellular release of lysosomal enzymes |
| C. | decreased Na pump activity |
| D. | detachment of ribosomes |
| E. | ER swelling |
| Answer» B. intracellular release of lysosomal enzymes | |
| 80. |
With regard to the role of complement in the acute inflammatory response, which of the following is incorrect |
| A. | C5a is a powerful, chemotactic agent for neutrophils, monocytes and eosinophils |
| B. | C5a increases leukocyte adhesion to endothelium by activating leukocytes |
| C. | C3a and C5a are called anaphylatoxins because they cause mast cell degranulation |
| D. | C3a activates the lipoxygenase pathway in leukocytes |
| E. | C3 and C5 can be activated in inflammatory exudate by lysosomal enzymes |
| Answer» D. C3a activates the lipoxygenase pathway in leukocytes | |
| 81. |
Coagulative necrosis |
| A. | results from necrosis in which cellular enzymatic digestion predominates over denaturation |
| B. | is characterised by a marked leukocytic infiltrate |
| C. | is uncommon after myocardial infarction |
| D. | usually occurs after irreversible ischaemic cellular damage |
| E. | is not usually seen in association with caseous necrosis |
| Answer» D. usually occurs after irreversible ischaemic cellular damage | |
| 82. |
Granulomatous inflammation |
| A. | may sometimes be a component of the acute inflammatory response |
| B. | indicates the presence of tuberculosis |
| C. | consists, in part, of microscopic aggregates of transformed lymphocytes |
| D. | is always associated with the presence of giant cells |
| E. | may result from non-immune mechanisms |
| Answer» E. may result from non-immune mechanisms | |
| 83. |
Removal of sutures from a wound at day 7 coincides with a wound strength of |
| A. | 1% of unwounded skin strength |
| B. | 10% of unwounded skin strength |
| C. | 50% of unwounded skin strength |
| D. | 75% of unwounded skin strength |
| E. | 100%, ie. same as unwounded skin |
| Answer» B. 10% of unwounded skin strength | |
| 84. |
In a healthy individual over the age of 5 years, lymphocytes are mainly found in |
| A. | bone marrow, thymus, spleen |
| B. | liver, thymus, spleen |
| C. | lymph nodes, spleen, thymus |
| D. | bone marrow, spleen, liver |
| E. | liver, spleen, pancreas |
| Answer» C. lymph nodes, spleen, thymus | |
| 85. |
With regard to natural killer lymphocytes |
| A. | constitute less than 5% of blood lymphocytes |
| B. | require opsonisation to enable their killing of cells |
| C. | have a prime role in defense against parasites |
| D. | require prior sensitisation to be effective |
| E. | have an innate ability to lyse tumour cells and virally affected cells |
| Answer» E. have an innate ability to lyse tumour cells and virally affected cells | |
| 86. |
With regard to B lymphocytes |
| A. | they constitute 50% of circulating lymphocytes |
| B. | they are found in germinal centres in the red pulp of the spleen |
| C. | they are genetically programmed to recognise specific antigens by means of antigen specific cell surface receptors |
| D. | they release chemical mediators when attached to IgE Type I hypersensitivity reactions |
| E. | they are not affected by HIV infection |
| Answer» C. they are genetically programmed to recognise specific antigens by means of antigen specific cell surface receptors | |
| 87. |
Transplant rejection involves |
| A. | Type IV hypersensitivity only |
| B. | Type IV and III hypersensitivity only |
| C. | Type IV, III and II hypersensitivity only |
| D. | Type IV and II hypersensitivity only |
| E. | Type II and III hypersensitivity only |
| Answer» C. Type IV, III and II hypersensitivity only | |
| 88. |
Major immune abnormalities associated with HIV infection include all of the following except |
| A. | hypergammaglobulinaemia |
| B. | inversion of CD4-CD8 ratio |
| C. | decreased delayed hypersensitivity reactions |
| D. | decreased monocyte HLA class II expression |
| E. | decreased IL2 and IFNγ production |
| Answer» A. hypergammaglobulinaemia | |
| 89. |
Successful immune response to HIV during the acute phase of infection results from |
| A. | increase in the CD4+ lymphocyte numbers |
| B. | appearance of anti-HIV antibodies |
| C. | Type III hypersensitivity reaction |
| D. | lymphoid tissue based destruction of infected cells |
| E. | development of CD8+ virus specific cytotoxic cells |
| Answer» E. development of CD8+ virus specific cytotoxic cells | |
| 90. |
With respect to macrophages, which of the following is not true |
| A. | they can produce TNF and IL4 both of which cause fever |
| B. | they have direct tissue toxicity due to the ability to release hydrogen peroxide |
| C. | they have oxygen dependent microbicidal activity |
| D. | they have cytotoxicity against tumour cells |
| E. | they process antigens and act as antigen presenting cells to activate lymphocytes |
| Answer» A. they can produce TNF and IL4 both of which cause fever | |
| 91. |
In viral hepatitis |
| A. | the majority of cases of acute Hepatitis B infection result in a carrier state, without clinical evidence of disease |
| B. | anti HB s appears in the first week of infection |
| C. | anti HCV IgG does not confer immunity to Hepatitis C |
| D. | the major cause of death from Hepatitis B is hepatocellular carcinoma |
| E. | Hepatitis A virus has an outer surface envelope of protein, lipid and carbohydrate |
| Answer» C. anti HCV IgG does not confer immunity to Hepatitis C | |
| 92. |
The most common cause of pericarditis is |
| A. | SLE |
| B. | drug hypersensitivity |
| C. | trauma |
| D. | post myocardial infarction |
| E. | bacterial |
| Answer» D. post myocardial infarction | |
| 93. |
All of the following are neoplastic syndromes associated with lung cancer except |
| A. | Cushing’s syndrome |
| B. | syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion |
| C. | hypocalcaemia |
| D. | carcinoid syndrome |
| E. | hypertrophic osteoarthropathy |
| Answer» C. hypocalcaemia | |
| 94. |
All of the following are features of rheumatic fever except |
| A. | carditis |
| B. | subcutaneous nodules |
| C. | erythema nodosum |
| D. | elevated antistreptolysin |
| E. | aschoff bodies in the heart |
| Answer» C. erythema nodosum | |
| 95. |
Mediators of septic shock include all of the following except |
| A. | IL6 |
| B. | C5a |
| C. | PAF |
| D. | catecholamines |
| E. | TNF antibodies |
| Answer» E. TNF antibodies | |
| 96. |
Metaplasia is seen in all of the following except |
| A. | respiratory epithelium of cigarette smokers |
| B. | vitamin A excess |
| C. | Barrett’s oesophagitis |
| D. | epithelium of a pancreatic duct containing stones |
| E. | foci of cell injury |
| Answer» B. vitamin A excess | |
| 97. |
The commonest site of a Berry aneurysm in the Circle of Willis is |
| A. | junction of anterior cerebral and anterior communicating arteries |
| B. | junction of middle cerebral and internal carotid arteries |
| C. | bifurcation of the basilar artery |
| D. | the middle cerebral artery |
| E. | junction of the posterior cerebral and posterior communicating arteries |
| Answer» A. junction of anterior cerebral and anterior communicating arteries | |
| 98. |
The virus causing molluscum contagiosum belongs to the following viral family |
| A. | adeno |
| B. | herpes |
| C. | parvo |
| D. | pox |
| E. | picorna |
| Answer» D. pox | |
| 99. |
Most pulmonary emboli |
| A. | cause centrally located pulmonary haemorrhage |
| B. | cause pulmonary infarction |
| C. | cause acute right heart failure |
| D. | are clinically silent |
| E. | lead to pulmonary hypertension |
| Answer» D. are clinically silent | |
| 100. |
Acute pancreatitis |
| A. | may be caused by Helminth infection |
| B. | causes hypercalcaemia |
| C. | develops in 50% of patients with gallstones |
| D. | leads to inhibition of elastase |
| E. | involves acinar cell injury as a late event |
| Answer» A. may be caused by Helminth infection | |
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