Which of the following are introduced to reduce the overheads caused by the log- based recovery?

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• A special redo-only log record < Ti, Xj, V1> is written to the log, where V1 is the value being restored to data item Xj during the rollback. These log records are sometimes called
•                          using a log record sets the data item specified in the log record to the old value.
• Writing the buffered log to                      is sometimes referred to as a log force.
• The transaction log includes which of the following?
• How to force a log switch?
•                        is popular for applications such as storage of log files in a database system since it offers the best write performance.
• The log is a sequence of                     recording all the update activities in the database.
• In the                      phase, the system replays updates of all transactions by scanning the log forward from the last checkpoint.
• ARIES uses a                        to identify log records, and stores it in database pages.
• Whenever an update operation occurs on a page, the operation stores the LSN of its log record in the                field of the page.