Hypoxia adversely affects the treatment and management of cancers because it:

Related MCQs

• A 25-year-old woman has her first routine check-up. Her mother died of lung cancer at the age of 60 years, and her father has had a head and neck cancer. She is very worried about getting cancer and wants to know what she can do to reduce her risk, as much as possible, of getting either of these cancers. In addition to avoidance of tobacco, which of the following approaches has been demonstrated to decrease risk for one or both of these cancers?
• Which of the following factors most adversely affects patients receiving radiation therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck?
• A 50-year-old menstruating woman has a 1 .5-cm moderately differentiated breast cancer. The lesion is completely excised, and the margins of the excision are negative. Axillary node sampling shows that she has three positive nodes. The tumor is negative for estrogen and progesterone receptors and is highly positive for HER2. She is otherwise healthy. Her mother had breast cancer at 62 years and was treated by mastectomy; she is alive and healthy at the age of 80 years. The patients sister had breast cancer at 54 years and was treated by breast conservation therapy; 4 years later she died of a recurrence of breast cancer. The patient has seen two different surgeons with opposing viewpoints regarding the best treatment, and she has been reading extensively on the Internet and has become confused about her options. Which of the following represents the best treatment for this patient?
• Based on the results of SWOG 8797 (Peters), which of the following pathologic findings after a radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection is an indication for adjuvant chemotherapy with radiation therapy for patients with high-risk cancers of the cervix?
• Which of these genetic risk factors has the highest association with colon cancers
• Which one of the following cancers is usually associated with a moderate to high uptake of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18 FFDG)?
• What is the second most common histology associated with vulvar cancers?
• A 43-year-old man is evaluated because of crushing substernal chest pain that developed during a pickup basketball game with colleagues at work. He was treated 15 years ago for stage IIB massive mediastinal Hodgkin‟s disease. Treatment included doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinbiastine, and dacarbazine (ABVD) followed by mantle-field radiation therapy to a total dose of 4400 cGy. He has had no recurrence of his Hodgkin‟s disease. He takes thyroid medication because he developed hypothyroidism 2 years after completing his therapy for Hodgkins disease. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• A 29-year-old man was diagnosed with stage II (that is, spread from the primary tumor to retroperitoneal lymph nodes) nonseminomatous germ cell tumor 1 year ago. Treatment included orchiectomy and retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. He now presents with an elevated level of β-human chorionic gonadotropin hormone and multiple pulmonary lesions ranging in size from 0.61 to 3.22 cm. Needle biopsy specimen of the largest lesion reveals a germ cell tumor consistent with the initial diagnosis. He is asymptomatic. What is the best treatment for this patient?
• A 44-year-old woman has a lumpectomy and radiation therapy for stage II breast cancer. She receives 6 months of chemotherapy. Her periods cease while she is receiving chemotherapy, and she remains amenorrheic. Her tumor was found to be rich in estrogen receptor, and she is taking tamoxifen. Her hair is growing back and her energy is returning, but she is having severe hot flushes that keep her awake at night. She is so tired during the day that she is unable to perform her job in a satisfactory manner. She also relates that she and her husband have been unable to have satisfying sexual relations because intercourse is painful for her. What would be the most appropriate treatment for this patient?