McqMate
These multiple-choice questions (MCQs) are designed to enhance your knowledge and understanding in the following areas: Biomedical Engineering .
Chapters
| 1. |
Source of Bioelectric potential is in nature. |
| A. | electronic |
| B. | electric |
| C. | ionic |
| D. | mechanical |
| Answer» C. ionic | |
| Explanation: Bioelectric potentials are generated at cellular level and the source of these potentials is ionic in nature. The prominent ions are K+, Na+, and Cl–. Electronic potential is seen in commonly used cells for example the Galvanic cell. Mechanical potential is found nowhere. Electrical potential is found in electricity. | |
| 2. |
Palsied muscles mean |
| A. | paralyzed muscles |
| B. | active muscles |
| C. | voluntary muscles |
| D. | involuntary muscles |
| Answer» A. paralyzed muscles | |
| Explanation: Palsied is an adjective that means paralyzed. It is used to describe a muscle on which an individual has lost all control (cannot move). Voluntary muscles are the muscles on which the individual has complete control. Involuntary muscles are the ones on which the individual has no control for example heart wall muscles. | |
| 3. |
The principal ion that is not involved with the phenomena of producing cell potentials is |
| A. | sodium |
| B. | potassium |
| C. | chlorine |
| D. | hydrogen |
| Answer» D. hydrogen | |
| Explanation: Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), and Chlorine (Cl–) are the principal ions involved with the phenomena of producing cell potentials. Na+ is present outside the cell membrane and creates a positively charged environment outside the cell membrane. Cl– is present inside the cell membrane and is responsible for the negative environment inside the cell membrane. | |
| 4. |
What is the relatively static membrane potential of quiescent cells called? |
| A. | half-cell potential |
| B. | action potential |
| C. | resting membrane potential |
| D. | cell potential |
| Answer» C. resting membrane potential | |
| Explanation: Resting membrane potential or the resting potential is the relative static membrane potential of quiescent cell. That is if the resting membrane potential of a neuron is about -70 mV (mV=millivolt) it means that the inside of the neuron is 70 mV less than the outside of the neuron. An action potential occurs when the potential of the membrane of a given axonal position increases and decreases rapidly. This depolarization causes depolarization of adjacent positions in a similar way. | |
| 5. |
The variation of the electrical potential associated with the passage of a pulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or a nerve cell is called |
| A. | muscle potential |
| B. | action potential |
| C. | resting potential |
| D. | half cell potential |
| Answer» B. action potential | |
| Explanation: An action potential occurs when the potential of the membrane of a given axonal position increases and decreases rapidly. This depolarization causes depolarization of adjacent positions in a similar way. Resting membrane potential or the resting potential is the relative static membrane potential of a quiescent cell. | |
| 6. |
Cells depolarize and action potential in generated as soon as a stimulus is applied. |
| A. | True |
| B. | False |
| Answer» B. False | |
| Explanation: This statement is False. This is because unless a stimulus above a certain minimum value is applied, the cell will not be depolarized and no action potential will be generated. This value of potential above which the depolarizes and an action potential is generated is known as the stimulus threshold. | |
| 7. |
After a cell is stimulated, a finite period of time is required for the cell to return to its pre-stimulus state. This period is known as |
| A. | restoration period |
| B. | refactory period |
| C. | regain period |
| D. | regenerative period |
| Answer» B. refactory period | |
| Explanation: After a cell is stimulated, a finite period of time is required for the cell to return to its pre-stimulus state. This is because the energy associated with the action potential is developed from metabolic process within the cell which takes time for completion. This time period is called refactory period. | |
| 8. |
Electrooculography (EOG/E.O.G.) is a technique for measuring what? |
| A. | abnormal function of the retina |
| B. | heart rate |
| C. | respiration rate |
| D. | cornea-retinal standing potential |
| Answer» D. cornea-retinal standing potential | |
| Explanation: Electrooculography (EOG / E.O.G) is a technique for measuring the potential of the corneal retinal standing potential that exists between the front and back of the human eye. The resulting signal is called electrooculogram. The main applications are in the diagnosis of ophthalmology and the recording of eye movements. | |
| 9. |
EKG stands for |
| A. | Electrocardiography |
| B. | Electroencephalography |
| C. | Electromyography |
| D. | Electrtokinetcography |
| Answer» A. Electrocardiography | |
| Explanation: Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG) is the way toward recording the electrical action of the heart over some stretch of time utilizing anodes put on the skin. It could simply be understood as the electrical representation of heart beat. Electroencephalography is the electrical recording of brain. | |
| 10. |
Phonocardiography is listening to |
| A. | arm muscle sound |
| B. | lungs sound |
| C. | heart sound |
| D. | respiratory tract sound |
| Answer» C. heart sound | |
| Explanation: A phonocardiogram (or PCG) is a record high-constancy recording of sounds and mumble made by the heart with the assistance of the machine called phonocardiography. | |
| 11. |
Which type of electrodes are employed to study the electrical activities of individual cells? |
| A. | milli-electrodes |
| B. | micro-electrodes |
| C. | surface-electrodes |
| D. | pre-jelled electrodes |
| Answer» B. micro-electrodes | |
| Explanation: To study the electrical activities of individual cells, micro electrodes are employed. This type of electrode is small enough with respect to the size of the cells. Typical micro electrodes have tip dimensions ranging from 0.5-5 microns. | |
| 12. |
Glass micro-capillaries are a type of micro electrode. |
| A. | True |
| B. | False |
| Answer» A. True | |
| Explanation: Two types of micro electrodes are generally used: metallic and glass microcapillaries. Metallic electrodes are formed from a fine needle of suitable metal drawn for a fine tip. Glass electrodes are drawn from Pyrex glass of special grade. | |
| 13. |
Glass microcapillaries are preferred over metallic electrodes because of the former |
| A. | polarizes with input current |
| B. | does not have sustainable current carrying capacity |
| C. | has less contact surface area |
| D. | has sustainable current carrying capacity |
| Answer» D. has sustainable current carrying capacity | |
| Explanation: Metallic electrodes polarize with smaller amplifier input currents. Hence, they tend to develop unstable electrode offset potential and are therefore not preferred for steady state potential measurement. On the other hand, in case of glass micro electrodes have a sustainable current carrying capacity because of the large surface area between the metal and the electrolyte. | |
| 14. |
Do metallic micro electrodes exist. |
| A. | True |
| B. | False |
| Answer» A. True | |
| Explanation: Two types of micro electrodes are generally used: metallic and glass microcapillaries. Metallic electrodes are formed from a fine needle of suitable metal drawn for a fine tip. Glass electrodes are drawn from Pyrex glass of special grade. | |
| 15. |
Metallic micro electrodes have impedance compared to conventional electrodes? |
| A. | equal |
| B. | smaller |
| C. | high |
| D. | very high |
| Answer» D. very high | |
| Explanation: The very high impedance of the metal micro-electrodes is due to the characteristics of the small area metal-electrolyte interface. Because of very high impedance of micro electrodes, amplifiers with extremely high input impedance are required to avoid loading the circuit and to minimize the effects of small change in interface impedance. | |
| 16. |
Which of the following electrode is manufactured by circumferential application of heat to a small area of glass tubing and pulling the glass when it gets soft? |
| A. | macro metallic electrodes |
| B. | micro metallic electrodes |
| C. | micro pipette |
| D. | surface electrodes |
| Answer» C. micro pipette | |
| Explanation: The most commonly used method for making small tip micropipette consists of the circumferential application of heat to a small area of glass tubing which is placed under some initial tension. When the glass softens, the tension is increased very rapidly and the heat is turned off. Proper timing, controlled adjustment of the amount of heat as well as the initial and final tensions and cooling results in the production of microcapillaries with control dimensions. | |
| 17. |
Which of the following metal is preferred for manufacturing micro electrodes? |
| A. | Stainless steel |
| B. | Tungsten |
| C. | Iron |
| D. | Copper |
| Answer» B. Tungsten | |
| Explanation: Tungsten is preferred for constructing micro-electrodes due to its mechanical strength and its apparent inertness. Although tungsten itself is reactive, a surface layer of tungsten oxide will, in most situations, protect the metal against corrosion. | |
| 18. |
are devices which convert one form of energy into another. |
| A. | transducers |
| B. | electrodes |
| C. | impulses |
| D. | opamp |
| Answer» A. transducers | |
| Explanation: Transducers are devices which convert one form of energy into another. A number of factors decide the choice of a particular transducer to be used for the study of a specific phenomenon. Many physical, chemical and optical properties and principles can be applied to | |
| 19. |
Electrodes make a transfer from the in the tissue to the electronic conduction which is necessary to make measurements. |
| A. | electronic conduction |
| B. | ionic conduction |
| C. | electric conduction |
| D. | impulsive conduction |
| Answer» B. ionic conduction | |
| Explanation: Electrodes make an exchange from the ionic conduction in the tissue to the electronic conduction which is important to make measurements. An electrolytic paste is applied between the electrodes and the skin to reduce skin contact impedance. The electrolyte also facilitates ionic conduction from the skin to the electrodes. | |
| 20. |
Surface electrodes damage the living tissues. |
| A. | True |
| B. | False |
| Answer» B. False | |
| Explanation: The surface electrodes pick up the potential difference from the tissue surface when placed over it without damaging the living tissues. They are placed above the skin and cause no harm to the living tissues. They capture the electrical activities of bunch of tissues together. | |
| 21. |
Deep-seated electrodes indicates the electric potential difference arising the living tissues or cells. |
| A. | inside |
| B. | outside |
| C. | around |
| D. | adjacent |
| Answer» A. inside | |
| Explanation: Deep-seated electrodes indicate the electric potential difference arising inside the living tissues or cells. Surface electrodes indicates the electric potentials arising outside the living tissues that is on the surface of the skin. Needle electrodes are example of deep seated electrodes. | |
| 22. |
Impedance pneumography is a commonly-used technique to monitor a person’s |
| A. | respiration rate |
| B. | heart rate |
| C. | pulse rate |
| D. | skin impedance |
| Answer» A. respiration rate | |
| Explanation: Impedance pneumography is a commonly-used technique to monitor a person’s respiration rate, or breathing rate. It is implemented by using two electrodes or four electrodes. Skin impedance is the resistance between the skin and the electrode. Heart rate measurement is called ECG. | |
| 23. |
Electrode paste |
| A. | increases contact impedance |
| B. | equates contact impedance |
| C. | reduces contact impedance |
| D. | absorbs contact impedance |
| Answer» C. reduces contact impedance | |
| Explanation: In order to obtain a clearly established contact (low contact impedance) an electrolyte or electrode paste is usually employed as an interface between the electrode and the surface of the source of the event. It is placed between the skin and the electrode. It helps to get better signal acquisition. | |
| 24. |
All electrode potentials are measured with respect to which reference electrode? |
| A. | hydrogen electrode |
| B. | platinum electrode |
| C. | calomel electrode |
| D. | hydrogen absorbed on platinum electrode |
| Answer» D. hydrogen absorbed on platinum electrode | |
| Explanation: All electrode potentials are measured with respect to a reference electrode, usually that of hydrogen absorbed on platinum black. Thus, considering potential of hydrogen absorbed on platinum electrode to be zero, other all have positive of negative potentials. | |
| 25. |
What is the frequency range of ECG? |
| A. | 70-120 Hz |
| B. | 0.05-120 Hz |
| C. | 5-120 Hz |
| D. | 12-120 Hz |
| Answer» B. 0.05-120 Hz | |
| Explanation: Primary signal characteristics of ECG are: Frequency range: 0.05-120 Hz. | |
| 26. |
Needle electrode is used to measure |
| A. | EKG |
| B. | EEG |
| C. | EOG |
| D. | EMG |
| Answer» D. EMG | |
| Explanation: EMG stands of Electromyogram. For recording action potential for individual motor units of muscle fiber, needle electrodes are used for better diagnostic information. These electrodes fall in the category of deep seated electrodes. | |
| 27. |
From equipment point of view, the respiratory system in the human body is a system. |
| A. | hydraulic |
| B. | pneumatic |
| C. | mechanical |
| D. | electrical |
| Answer» B. pneumatic | |
| Explanation: Respiratory system is a pneumatic system in which an air pump (diaphragm) alternately creates negative and positive pressures in a sealed chamber (thoracic cavity) and causes air to be sucked into and forced out of a pair of elastic bags (lungs). Blood circulatory system is related to hydraulic system. | |
| 28. |
Off-set potential is |
| A. | difference in half-cell potentials between two electrodes |
| B. | sum of half-cell potentials between two electrodes |
| C. | average of half-cell potentials between two electrodes |
| D. | complement of half-cell potentials between two electrodes |
| Answer» A. difference in half-cell potentials between two electrodes | |
| Explanation: The difference in half cell potential that exists between two electrodes is called off-set potential. The differential amplifies used to measure potentials between two electrodes are generally designed to cancel the electrode offset potential so that only the signals of interest are recorded. | |
| 29. |
Which of the following is not preferred for electrode making? |
| A. | Ag-AgCl |
| B. | Copper |
| C. | Stainless-steel |
| D. | Gold |
| Answer» C. Stainless-steel | |
| Explanation: Stainless steel in contact with a saline electrolyte produce a potential difference of 10 mV between the electrodes which is much more than the limit (i.e 2.5 mV). Ad-AgCl electrodes give almost noise free characteristics. They are also found to be acceptable from the point of view of long term drift. | |
| 30. |
Which of the following statement is false about polarizable electrodes? |
| A. | they are made using stainless steel |
| B. | used for recording resting ECG |
| C. | retain a residual charge when exposed to large pulse of energy |
| D. | can transmit small bioelectric signals even after getting exposed to large pulse of energy |
| Answer» D. can transmit small bioelectric signals even after getting exposed to large pulse of energy | |
| Explanation: Polarizable electrodes usually employ stainless steel and are used for resting ECG or other situations where there is small likelihood that the electrode would be exposed to a large pulse of energy (such as defibrillation discharge) in which case they would retain a residual charge, become polarized, and will no longer transmit the relatively small bioelectric signals, thus become useless. | |
| 31. |
Which electrodes can work even after being induced to large electric discharge such as defibrillation? |
| A. | polarizing electrodes |
| B. | magnetic electrodes |
| C. | non-polarizing electrodes |
| D. | electrolytic electrodes |
| Answer» C. non-polarizing electrodes | |
| Explanation: Non-polarizing electrodes are designed to rapidly dissipate any charge imbalance induced by powerful electric discharges such as a defibrillation procedure. Rapid depolarization enables the immediate reappearance of bioelectric signals on the monitor after defibrillation. For this reason, non-polarizing electrodes have become the electrodes of choice for monitoring in the intensive care units and stress testing procedures. | |
| 32. |
The frequency range of ECG is |
| A. | 0.05-150 HZ |
| B. | 500-1500 Hz |
| C. | 5-500 kHz |
| D. | 0.5-150 MHz |
| Answer» A. 0.05-150 HZ | |
| Explanation: The diagnostically useful frequency range is usually accepted as 0.05 to 150 Hz. Although the electric field generated by the heart can be best characterized by vector quantities, it is generally convenient to directly measure only scalar quantities, i.e. a voltage difference of mV order between the given points of the body. | |
| 33. |
Which of the following amplifier circulatory is employed to reduce the hum noise generated by the power supply in the ECG circuit? |
| A. | band pass filters |
| B. | high pass filters |
| C. | notch filters |
| D. | low pass filters |
| Answer» C. notch filters | |
| Explanation: A notch filter is employed to suppress the hum noise generated by the power supply in the ECG circuit. CMRR of the order of 100–120 dB with 5 kW unbalance in the leads is a desirable feature of ECG machines. The instability of the baseline, originating from the changes of the contact impedance, demands the application of the automatic baseline stabilizing circuit. | |
| 34. |
The branch of medicine that deals with the provision and use of artificial devices such as splints and braces is |
| A. | prosthetics |
| B. | orthotics |
| C. | laproscopic |
| D. | augmentative communication |
| Answer» C. laproscopic | |
| Explanation: The branch of medicine that deals with the provision and use of artificial devices such as splints and braces are orthotics. A modality-specific appliance that aids the performance of a function or movement by augmenting or assisting the residual capabilities of that function or movement. An orthopaedic brace is an orthosis. | |
| 35. |
The sensitivity of an electrocardiograph is typically set at 10 mm/mV. |
| A. | True |
| B. | False |
| Answer» A. True | |
| Explanation: It is true. The sensitivity of an electrocardiograph is typically set at 10 mm/mV. For routine work, the paper recording speed is 25 mm/s. Amplitude measurements are made vertically in millivolts. Time measurements and heart rate measurements are made horizontally on the electrocardiogram. | |
| 36. |
The volume of blood within the dialyzer is known as |
| A. | secondary volume |
| B. | quarterly volume |
| C. | priming volume |
| D. | residual volume |
| Answer» C. priming volume | |
| Explanation: The volume of blood within the dialyzer is known as priming volume. It is desirable that this should be minimal. Priming volume of present day dialyzers ranges from 75 to 200 ml, depending on the membrane area geometry and operating conditions. | |
| 37. |
The ideal membrane should possess to water. |
| A. | low permeability to water |
| B. | high permeability to water |
| C. | medium permeability to water |
| D. | high permeability to waste |
| Answer» B. high permeability to water | |
| Explanation: The ideal membrane should possess high permeability to water, organic metabolites and ions, and the capability of retaining plasma proteins. The membrane should be of sufficient wet strength to resist tearing or bursting and non-toxic to blood and all body cells. | |
| 38. |
To achieve optimum performance and to enable the relationship of change in resistance with the volume of the cell to hold good, it is recommended that the ratio of the aperture length to the diameter of the aperture should be |
| A. | 75:1 |
| B. | 0.75:100 |
| C. | 0.75:1 |
| D. | 0.5:10 |
| Answer» C. 0.75:1 | |
| Explanation: To achieve optimum performance and to enable the relationship of change in resistance with volume of the cell to hold good, it is recommended that the ratio of the aperture length to the diameter of the aperture should be 0.75:1, i.e. for an orifice of 100 m diameter the length should be 75 m. The instrument based on the Coulter principle works most satisfactorily when the average diameter of the particles ranges between 2 to 40% of the diameter of the measuring hole. | |
| 39. |
The blood is a poor conductor of electricity. |
| A. | True |
| B. | False |
| Answer» A. True | |
| Explanation: It is true. Blood is a poor conductor of electricity. This principle is used in Coulter counters to count the number of RBCs in the blood. | |
| 40. |
In floating electrodes metal electrode does not make direct contact with the skin. |
| A. | True |
| B. | False |
| Answer» A. True | |
| Explanation: In a floating electrode, the metal electrode does not make direct contact with the skin. The electrode consists of a light weighted metalled screen or plate held away from the subject by a flat washer which is connected to the skin. Floating electrodes can be recharged, i.e. the jelly in the electrodes can be replenished if desired. | |
| 41. |
The number of leads necessary for an ECG is |
| A. | 3 |
| B. | 6 |
| C. | 12 |
| D. | 24 |
| Answer» A. 3 | |
| Explanation: To have an ECG, the number of leads necessarily needed is 3. These three leads are placed on the four limbs in various combinations to derive the ECG. A 12 lead ECG is used for a greater in-depth analysis. It is used while taking a treadmill test. | |
| 42. |
Which of the four limbs acts like a ground and thus is not a part of the ECG test? |
| A. | Right Arm |
| B. | Left Arm |
| C. | Right Leg |
| D. | Left Leg |
| Answer» C. Right Leg | |
| Explanation: In the various combinations to take ECG, the right leg is considered to be grounded and so no leads are placed on it to take an ECG. It may sometimes have a lead line for grounding but otherwise, that leg does not take part in ECG testing. | |
| 43. |
What result do the various combinations of limb leads give? |
| A. | Einthoven’s Triangle |
| B. | Beethoven’s Triangle |
| C. | Bermuda’s Triangle |
| D. | Electrical Triangle |
| Answer» A. Einthoven’s Triangle | |
| Explanation: The leads are arranged in 3 combinations making one limb positive, one negative and the third as a neutral. There is a vector arrow drawn from the negative side to the positive side. The three arrangements thus result in a triangle which is called the Einthoven’s triangle. | |
| 44. |
The most common placement of the leads from the Einthoven’s triangle is |
| A. | Positive Left Arm and Negative Right Arm |
| B. | Positive Left Leg and Negative Right Arm |
| C. | Positive Left Leg and Negative Left Arm |
| D. | Positive Right Arm and Negative Left Leg |
| Answer» B. Positive Left Leg and Negative Right Arm | |
| Explanation: The Einthoven’s triangle forms a cyclic vector in form of direction. The most important readings are from the 2nd placement of leads in which the Left Leg is positive, the Right Arm is Negative and the Left Arm is neutral. The vector direction is from the right arm to the left leg. | |
| 45. |
A typical ECG wave is |
| A. | Periodic |
| B. | A-periodic |
| C. | Quasi – Periodic |
| D. | Non – Periodic |
| Answer» C. Quasi – Periodic | |
| Explanation: ECG wave comprises PQRSTU segments. In this, P, R, T, U are all waves that go above the baseline and Q, S are waves that go below. However, P wave and R wave are not periodic. Periodicity is checked between the successive R waves. Quasi periodic waves are those which are periodic in a certain interval. Since the ECG signal is periodic in R to R interval or P to P interval, its a Quasi periodic wave. | |
| 46. |
The amplitudes of the segments of the wave are |
| A. | P = 0.25 mV, Q = 0.4mV, R = 1.60mV, T = 0.1 – 0.5 mV |
| B. | P = 2.0 mV, Q = 0.1mV, R = 1.60mV, T = 0.1 – 0.5 mV |
| C. | P = 25.0mV, Q = 4.0mV, R = 16.0 mV, T = 10 – 50 mV |
| D. | P = 0.25 mV, Q = 0.60mV, R = 1.60mV, T = 0.1 – 1.0 mV |
| Answer» A. P = 0.25 mV, Q = 0.4mV, R = 1.60mV, T = 0.1 – 0.5 mV | |
| Explanation: The waves of ECG are a result of electrical impulses and so they have an amplitude. The various waves are a result of the stepwise contractions of the heart. P wave is the depolarization of the atria, QRS complex is formed due to depolarization of the ventricles and then T wave represents the re-polarization of the ventricles. | |
| 47. |
Bradycardia ECG will show what kind of wave? |
| A. | The impulses have increased |
| B. | The impulses have decreased |
| C. | Pronounced P waves |
| D. | Pronounced T waves |
| Answer» B. The impulses have decreased | |
| Explanation: Bradycardia is a symptom where the heartbeat is below the normal range. The heart pumps blood slowly so the impulses are not so pronounced. In tachycardia, the impulses increase. The waves are shorter and sharper. | |
| 48. |
Which of these conditions are natural conditions for tachycardia? |
| A. | Running |
| B. | Grief |
| C. | Shock |
| D. | Sleep |
| Answer» A. Running | |
| Explanation: When a person has run for a stretch, their heart rate goes up. This is a normal tachycardia condition and eventually, the heart rate will go back to normal. When the body gets used to running due to training, the heart also adjusts and is able to pump blood better without | |
| 49. |
Electrodes to measure EEG are placed on |
| A. | forehead |
| B. | scalp |
| C. | cheek |
| D. | ears |
| Answer» B. scalp | |
| Explanation: Electrode to measure EEG are placed on the scalp. The position of each electrode is specified using the International 10/20 system. Each electrode site is labeled with a letter and a number. | |
| 50. |
According to the international 10/20 system to measure EEG, even number denotes which side of the brain? |
| A. | left |
| B. | top |
| C. | bottom |
| D. | right |
| Answer» D. right | |
| Explanation: The position of each electrode is specified using the International 10/20 system. Each electrode site is labeled with a letter and a number. Even number denotes the right side of the head. | |
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