McqMate
These multiple-choice questions (MCQs) are designed to enhance your knowledge and understanding in the following areas: Biomedical Engineering .
Chapters
| 1. |
Which of the following is the technique of analyzing the electrical activity of the heart by obtaining ECG’s? |
| A. | VCG |
| B. | EEG |
| C. | EMG |
| D. | PCG |
| Answer» A. VCG | |
| Explanation: Vectorcardiography is the technique of analyzing the electrical activity of the heart by obtaining ECG’s along three axes at right angles to one another and displaying any two of these ECGs as a vector display on an X-Y oscilloscope. | |
| 2. |
Vectorcardiogram displays the electrical events in perpendicular axes. |
| A. | one |
| B. | two |
| C. | three |
| D. | four |
| Answer» B. two | |
| Explanation: In contrast, the electrocardiogram which displays the electrical potential in any one single axis, the vectorcardiogram displays the same electrical events simultaneously in two perpendicular axes. | |
| 3. |
is a vectorial representation of the distribution of electric potentials generated by heart. |
| A. | EEG |
| B. | ECG |
| C. | PCG |
| D. | VCG |
| Answer» D. VCG | |
| Explanation: In contrast, the electrocardiogram which displays the electrical potential in any one single axis, the vectorcardiogram displays the same electrical events simultaneously in two perpendicular axes. This gives a vectorial representation of the distribution of electrical potentials generated by the heart and produces loop type patterns on the CRT screen. | |
| 4. |
How many loops each vectorcardiogram exhibits? |
| A. | one |
| B. | two |
| C. | three |
| D. | four |
| Answer» C. three | |
| Explanation: The major information that it provides is the direction of depolarization and repolarization of the atria and the ventricles. Each vectorcardiogram exhibits three loops, showing the vector orientation of the P wave, the QRSaxis and the T wave. | |
| 5. |
Which of the following instrument is used for recording the sounds connected with the pumping action of the heart? |
| A. | ECG |
| B. | VCG |
| C. | PCG |
| D. | EEG |
| Answer» C. PCG | |
| Explanation: The phonocardiograph is an instrument used for recording the sounds connected with the pumping action of the heart. These sounds provide an indication of the heart rate and its rhythmicity. They also give useful information regarding the effectiveness of blood pumping and valve action. | |
| 6. |
Which instrument is used for clinical detection of heart sounds? |
| A. | Stethoscope |
| B. | Endoscope |
| C. | Anoscope |
| D. | Proctoscope |
| Answer» A. Stethoscope | |
| Explanation: Heart sounds are diagnostically useful. Sounds produced by healthy hearts are remarkably identical and abnormal sounds always corelate to specific physical abnormalities. From the beginning till today, the principal instrument used for the clinical detection of heart sounds is the acoustical stethoscope. | |
| 7. |
Who provides a recording of waveforms of heart sounds? |
| A. | Electrocardiograph |
| B. | Vectorcardiograph |
| C. | Phonocardiograph |
| D. | Electromyograph |
| Answer» C. Phonocardiograph | |
| Explanation: The phonocardiographs provide a recording of the waveforms of the heart sounds. These waveforms are diagnostically more important and revealing than the sounds themselves. | |
| 8. |
What is the frequency range of sound generated from the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valve? |
| A. | 0 to 30 Hz |
| B. | 30 to 100 Hz |
| C. | 100 to 1000 Hz |
| D. | above 1000 Hz |
| Answer» B. 30 to 100 Hz | |
| Explanation: The closure of the mitral and tricuspid valve contributes largely to the first sound. The frequencies of these sounds are generally in the range of 30 to 100 Hz and the duration is between 50 to 100 ms. | |
| 9. |
Which of the following microphone is used for recording phonocardiograms? |
| A. | Contact Microphone |
| B. | Shotgun Microphone |
| C. | Handheld Microphone |
| D. | Lapel Microphone |
| Answer» A. Contact Microphone | |
| Explanation: Two types of microphones are commonly in use for recording phonocardiograms. They are the contact microphone and the air coupled microphone. They are further categorized into crystal type or dynamic type based on their principle of operation. | |
| 10. |
What is the frequency range of sound produced at the closure of aortic and pulmonic valves? |
| A. | less than 0 Hz |
| B. | 0 to 30 Hz |
| C. | 30 to 100 Hz |
| D. | above 100 Hz |
| Answer» D. above 100 Hz | |
| Explanation: The second sound is higher in pitch than the first, with frequencies above 100 Hz and the duration between 25 to 50 ms. This sound is produced by the slight back flow of blood into the heart before the valves close and then by the closure of the valves in the arteries leading out of the ventricles. This means that it occurs at the closure of aortic and the pulmonic valves. | |
| 11. |
What is the thickness of the new acoustic sensor? |
| A. | 0.25 mm |
| B. | 0.5 mm |
| C. | 1.0 mm |
| D. | 1.5 mm |
| Answer» C. 1.0 mm | |
| Explanation: A new acoustic sensor, which enhances the audibility of heart sounds and enables recording of quantitative acoustic spectral data is described by Kassal et al, 1994. This device is a polymer based adherent differential-output sensor, which is only 1.0 mm thick. | |
| 12. |
Who described the new acoustic sensor? |
| A. | Golden et al |
| B. | Rijn et al |
| C. | Levkov et al |
| D. | Kassal et al |
| Answer» D. Kassal et al | |
| Explanation: A new acoustic sensor, which enhances the audibility of heart sounds and enables recording of quantitative acoustic spectral data is described by Kassal et al, 1994. This device is a polymer based adherent differential-output sensor, which is only 1.0 mm thick. | |
| 13. |
Acoustic sensor principal sensing component is made up of which polymer? |
| A. | PEO(Poly-ethylene oxide) |
| B. | PET(Poly-ethylene tetraphthalate) |
| C. | PVDF(Poly-vinylidene fluoride) |
| D. | PS(Poly-styrene) |
| Answer» C. PVDF(Poly-vinylidene fluoride) | |
| Explanation: Its principle sensing components is PVDF (poly-vinylidene fluoride), which is a piezo-electric polymer. It produces charges of equal magnitude and opposite polarity on opposite surfaces when a mechanical strain is imposed on the material. | |
| 14. |
What is the frequency range of amplifier used for a phonocardiograph? |
| A. | less than 0 Hz |
| B. | 0 to 20 Hz |
| C. | 20 to 2000 Hz |
| D. | above 2000 Hz |
| Answer» C. 20 to 2000 Hz | |
| Explanation: The amplifier used for a phonocardiograph has wide bandwidth with a frequency range of about 20 to 2000 Hz. Filters permit selection of suitable frequency bands, so that particular heart sound frequencies can be recorded. | |
| 15. |
PCG amplifiers usually have gain compensation circuits to increase the amplification of high frequency signals, which are usually of low intensity. |
| A. | True |
| B. | False |
| Answer» A. True | |
| Explanation: Yes, PCG amplifiers usually have gain compensation circuits to increase the amplification of high frequency signals, which are usually of low intensity. The frequencies at the higher end of the range are of particular significance in research applications. | |
| 16. |
Which of the following instrument is used for recording the electrical activity of the muscles? |
| A. | ECG |
| B. | EMG |
| C. | PCG |
| D. | EEG |
| Answer» B. EMG | |
| Explanation: Electromyograph is an instrument used for recording the electrical activity of the muscles to determine whether the muscle is contracting or not; or for displaying on the CRO and loudspeaker the action potentials spontaneously present in a muscle or those induced by voluntary contractions as a means of detecting the nature and location of motor unit lesions; or for recording the electrical activity evoked in a muscle by the stimulation of its nerve. | |
| 17. |
EMG is recorded by using surface electrodes. |
| A. | True |
| B. | False |
| Answer» A. True | |
| Explanation: EMG is usually recorded by using surface electrodes because the surface electrodes may be disposable, adhesive types or the ones which can be used repeatedly. | |
| 18. |
Whose measurements are important for myoelectric control of prosthetic devices? |
| A. | VCG |
| B. | ECG |
| C. | EEG |
| D. | EMG |
| Answer» D. EMG | |
| Explanation: EMG measurements are also important for the myoelectric control of prosthetic devices (artificial limbs). This use involves picking up EMG signals from the muscles at the terminated nerve endings of the remaining limb and using the signals to activate a mechanical arm. This is the most demanding requirement from an EMG since it depends on the working of the prosthetic device. | |
| 19. |
What is used to display EMG waveforms? |
| A. | Cathode Ray Oscilloscope |
| B. | Analog storage Oscilloscope |
| C. | Digital Oscilloscope |
| D. | Dual-beam Oscilloscope |
| Answer» A. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope | |
| Explanation: The Cathode Ray oscilloscope displays EMG waveforms. Electromyograph is an instrument used for recording the electrical activity of the muscles to determine whether the muscle is contracting or not; or for displaying on the CRO. | |
| 20. |
The amplitude of EMG signals depend upon which of the following factor? |
| A. | Respiration |
| B. | Position of electrode |
| C. | Blood Resistivity |
| D. | Ventricular Volume |
| Answer» B. Position of electrode | |
| Explanation: The amplitude of the EMG signals depends upon various factors, e.g. the type and placement of electrodes used and the degree of muscular exertions. The needle electrode in contact with a single muscle fibre will pick up spike type voltages whereas a surface electrode picks up many overlapping spikes and therefore produces an average voltage effect. | |
| 21. |
What is the typical range of EMG signals? |
| A. | 0.025 to 0.050 mV |
| B. | 0.050 to 0.1 mV |
| C. | 0.1 to 0.5 mV |
| D. | 0.5 to 1 mV |
| Answer» C. 0.1 to 0.5 mV | |
| Explanation: A typical EMG signal ranges from 0.1 to 0.5 mV. They may contain frequency components extending up to 10 kHz.Such high frequency signals cannot be recorded on the conventional pen recorders and therefore, they are usually displayed on the CRT screen. | |
| 22. |
EMG instrument contain frequency component extending up to Khz. |
| A. | 1 |
| B. | 5 |
| C. | 10 |
| D. | 15 |
| Answer» C. 10 | |
| Explanation: A typical EMG signal ranges from 0.1 to 0.5 mV. They may contain frequency components extending up to 10 kHz.Such high frequency signals cannot be recorded on the conventional pen recorders and therefore, they are usually displayed on the CRT screen. | |
| 23. |
What is included in the system to facilitate playback and study of EMG sound waveforms at a later convenient time? |
| A. | Preamplifier |
| B. | Oscilloscope |
| C. | Tape Recorder |
| D. | Ground Electrode |
| Answer» C. Tape Recorder | |
| Explanation: The tape recorder is included in the system to facilitate playback and study of the EMG sound waveforms at a later convenient time. The waveform can also be photographed from the CRT screen by using a synchronized camera. | |
| 24. |
What is necessary for providing a common reference for measurement? |
| A. | active electrode |
| B. | ground electrode |
| C. | tape recorder |
| D. | oscilloscope |
| Answer» B. ground electrode | |
| Explanation: A ground electrode is necessary for providing a common reference for measurement. These electrodes pick up the potentials produced by the contracting muscle fibres. The signal can then be amplified and displayed on the screen of a cathode ray tube. It is also applied to an audio amplifier connected to a loudspeaker. | |
| 25. |
Which of the following interpreter can diagnose various muscular disorders by listening to the sounds produced when the muscle potentials are fed to loudspeaker? |
| A. | EEG |
| B. | ECG |
| C. | VCG |
| D. | EMG |
| Answer» D. EMG | |
| Explanation: A trained EMG interpreter can diagnose various muscular disorders by listening to the sounds produced when the muscle potentials are fed to the loudspeaker. | |
| 26. |
What is the diameter of silver electrodes in the amplifier circuit of Johnson et al? |
| A. | 2 mm |
| B. | 4 mm |
| C. | 6 mm |
| D. | 10 mm |
| Answer» C. 6 mm | |
| Explanation: Johnson et al (1977) designed a miniature amplifier circuit fully encapsulated in epoxy resin with two small silver electrodes of 6 mm diameter, exposed flush with the base of the module. The electrode is attached to the skin using adhesive tape. | |
| 27. |
What should be CMRR of preamplifier upto 5 Khz? |
| A. | 10 dB |
| B. | 30 dB |
| C. | 90 dB |
| D. | greater than 90 dB |
| Answer» D. greater than 90 dB | |
| Explanation: The common-mode rejection should be greater than 90 dB up to 5 kHz. A calibrating square wave signal of 100 mV (peak-to-peak) at a frequency of 100 Hz is usually available. The main amplifier has controls for gain adjustment from 5 mV/div to 10 mV/div for selecting the sensitivity most appropriate to the incoming signal from the patient. | |
| 28. |
Modern EMG machines are PC based. |
| A. | True |
| B. | False |
| Answer» A. True | |
| Explanation: Modern EMG machines are PC based available both in the console as well as laptop models as they provide full colour waveform display, automatic cursors for marking and making measurements and a keyboard for access to convenient and important test controls. The system usually incorporates facilities for recording of the EMG and evoked potentials. | |
| 29. |
EMG instrument is useful for making study of |
| A. | cardiovascular function |
| B. | neuromuscular function |
| C. | nervous function |
| D. | Immune function |
| Answer» B. neuromuscular function | |
| Explanation: The instrument is useful for making a study of several aspects of neuromuscular function, neuromuscular condition, extent of nerve lesion, reflex responses, etc. | |
| 30. |
Which of the following instrument is used for making a study of reflex responses? |
| A. | EEG |
| B. | ECG |
| C. | VCG |
| D. | EMG |
| Answer» D. EMG | |
| Explanation: The instrument is useful for making a study of several aspects of neuromuscular function, neuromuscular condition, the extent of nerve lesion, reflex responses, etc. | |
| 31. |
Blood pressure measurement can be classified in major way(s). |
| A. | 2 |
| B. | 5 |
| C. | 7 |
| D. | 10d |
| Answer» A. 2 | |
| Explanation: Blood pressure can be measured in non invasive and invasive methods. Non invasive is when the method of measuring is completely outside the body, i.e. with the help of light or pressure detectors. Invasive is when some tube or measuring device is inserted into the body. | |
| 32. |
The regular BP cuff is a non – invasive method of measuring blood pressure. |
| A. | True |
| B. | False |
| Answer» A. True | |
| Explanation: BP cuff is a non invasive method of measuring blood pressure. The measuring is done by checking the pressure being applied to the mercury column due to the inflated cuff. When the cuff is inflated, it is in close contact with the arteries. Thus, the flowing blood in the arteries puts pressure on the inflated cuff which is recorded and represented by the mercury column. | |
| 33. |
How is the oxygen content monitored in blood? |
| A. | By Korotkoff Sounds |
| B. | By Pulse Oximetry |
| C. | By Fluorescence |
| D. | By luminescence |
| Answer» B. By Pulse Oximetry | |
| Explanation: Pulse Oximetry is used to measure the oxygen saturation of the blood. In this process, light a light and a detector is used. It is normally in a band or a clip with the light source and the detector at the opposite ends. The light is projected at the finger and it is detected on the nail side. The light has an absorbance ratio which determines the amount of oxygen that is present in the blood. | |
| 34. |
What principle does pulse oximetry follow? |
| A. | Law of Absorbance |
| B. | Law of Reflection |
| C. | Beer – Lambert Law |
| D. | Law of Irradiance |
| Answer» C. Beer – Lambert Law | |
| Explanation: Beer-Lambert relates the emerging light with the concentration of the solution and the thickness of vial/object containing the solution. When light is incident on the solution, some of the light is absorbed. This absorption depends on the concentration of the solution and the distance the light travels before it emerges. This light is measured on the outgoing end and it gives a measure of how much oxygen exists in the blood. | |
| 35. |
The normal BP cuff using instrument is called as |
| A. | Spirometer |
| B. | Sphygmomanometer |
| C. | Stethoscope |
| D. | Oscilloscope |
| Answer» B. Sphygmomanometer | |
| Explanation: The most commonly seen and used BP measuring instrument is the sphygmomanometer. It consists of a cuff, a bulb for inflation and a mercury column to show the pressure. When the cuff is inflated, the pressure exerted on the cuff is shown on the mercury scale. The mercury rises up and once external pumping of the air stops, the mercury falls down. It stops two times and this is the recorded blood pressure. | |
| 36. |
Which instrument is used to listen to the Korotkoff sounds? |
| A. | Stethoscope |
| B. | Pneumotachometer |
| C. | Piezoelectric Microphone |
| D. | Sphygmomanometer |
| Answer» C. Piezoelectric Microphone | |
| Explanation: Korotkoff sounds are heard while BP is measured using a cuff. The microphone is placed on the brachial artery, near the inner side of the elbow (antecubital fossa). The cuff is inflated to a [reset pressure level, around up to 30mmHg/s. The pressure is then released at around 3 – 5 mmHg/s. When the air is leaking out, Korotkoff sounds are heard. When the first Korotkoff sound (systolic) is heard, the system starts recording and when the last Korotkoff sound (diastolic) is heard, the system stops recording. The cuff gets completely deflated with 2 – | |
| 37. |
For infants, the pulse oximetry band is attached to their |
| A. | arm |
| B. | leg |
| C. | palm |
| D. | foot |
| Answer» D. foot | |
| Explanation: The infant’s fingers and ears are too small and too delicate to attach the pulse oximeter band or the pulse oximeter clip. For infants, the blood vessels of the foot are more prominent and they give a better reception as compared to the rest of the body. Also, the infant may also move their arms/ legs so the band is attached to their foot. This way, the band won’t slip off, nor will it impede any tubes or even the diaper changing process. | |
| 38. |
Which of the following devices/ methods do not use a cuff? |
| A. | Rheographic Method |
| B. | Automatic Blood Pressure Measuring using Korotkoff method |
| C. | Oscillometric Measurement Method |
| D. | Continuous Slow Flow Flushing Method |
| Answer» D. Continuous Slow Flow Flushing Method | |
| Explanation: Continuous Slow Flow Flushing Method is used to measure the Central Venous Pressure (CVP) and is an invasive or a direct method to measure blood pressure. CVP reflects the pressure of the right atrium. A needle is inserted in the arm to monitor and record the blood pressure. | |
| 39. |
Which type of transducer is commonly used for invasive blood pressure measurement? |
| A. | Capacitive |
| B. | Rheostatic |
| C. | Piezoelectric |
| D. | Potentiometric |
| Answer» C. Piezoelectric | |
| Explanation: A Piezoelectric transducer converts the applied mechanical pressure into electrical pressure. Thus, the exerted blood pressure is converted into electrical impulses by the piezoelectric crystals which are amplified and recorded by the systems. | |
| 40. |
Which of the following uses ultrasound to check the blood flow? |
| A. | Doppler Shift Method |
| B. | Catheter Tip Method |
| C. | Differential Auscultatory Technique |
| D. | Oscillometric Method |
| Answer» A. Doppler Shift Method | |
| Explanation: The Doppler method is used to check the flowing blood. The ultrasound waves are projected to the blood flowing in the vessels causing Doppler effect. The returning sound waves are received and projected as images onto the screen. | |
| 41. |
In the differential auscultatory technique, where is the pressure sensor located? |
| A. | In the middle of the cuff |
| B. | In the upper portion of the cuff |
| C. | In the lower portion of the cuff |
| D. | Outside the cuff |
| Answer» C. In the lower portion of the cuff | |
| Explanation: In the differential auscultatory method of pressure sensing, two sensors together make the pressure sensor. One sensor is in contact with the skin while the other is in contact with the cuff. The pressure exerted by the skin due to the atrial blood flow is picked up by the sensor that is close to the skin while the pressure exerted by the cuff measured by the sensor that is close to the cuff. These sensors together give the blood pressure. Since the length of the cuff exerts pressure on the blood vessels, placing the sensor at the end of the length of the cuff ensures that the pressure is measured properly. | |
| 42. |
Which of the following statement is correct? |
| A. | 130/90 mm Hg is considered high and require treatment |
| B. | 100/55 mm Hg is considered an ideal blood pressure |
| C. | 105/50 mm Hg makes one active |
| D. | 190/110 mm Hg may harm vital organs |
| Answer» D. 190/110 mm Hg may harm vital organs | |
| Explanation: The high blood pressure may harm vital organs of the body. It is the condition in which the force of blood against the artery valve is very high. | |
| 43. |
Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by blood against |
| A. | kidneys |
| B. | artery walls |
| C. | brain |
| D. | stomach |
| Answer» B. artery walls | |
| Explanation: Blood pressure exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. | |
| 44. |
Blood pressure is measured in terms of |
| A. | mm Hg |
| B. | mm |
| C. | cm Hg |
| D. | Hg |
| Answer» A. mm Hg | |
| Explanation: Blood pressure values are generally measured in terms of millimeters of mercury. It | |
| 45. |
A person can suffer from both low blood pressure and high blood pressure. |
| A. | True |
| B. | False |
| Answer» A. True | |
| Explanation: Low blood pressure is when the systolic and diastolic blood pressure is below for the age of the person. High BP is when blood pressure is high than 120/80 mm Hg. | |
| 46. |
A normal heart rate in an adult at rest is |
| A. | 110 |
| B. | 125 |
| C. | 60 |
| D. | 75 |
| Answer» D. 75 | |
| Explanation: A normal resting heart rate for an adult ranges from 70-85 beats a minute. Generally, a lower heart rate at rest implies more efficient heart function and better cardiovascular fitness. | |
| 47. |
Unhealthy growth of tissue due to higher pressures on the walls of the artery is termed as |
| A. | atheroma |
| B. | aroma |
| C. | adenoma |
| D. | aroma and adenoma |
| Answer» A. atheroma | |
| Explanation: Atheroma is the growth of tissues due to higher pressure on walls of artery. High pressures increases heart work load. | |
| 48. |
Any mechanism that increases heart rate is said to have a positive effect. |
| A. | cholinergic |
| B. | inotropic |
| C. | chronotrophic |
| D. | feedback |
| Answer» C. chronotrophic | |
| Explanation: Chronotrophic are those that change the heart rate. It changes the heart rate by affecting the electrical conduction system of the heart. | |
| 49. |
The colloid osmotic pressure of blood plasma is due to high concentration of |
| A. | albumin |
| B. | hemoglobin |
| C. | sodium |
| D. | glucose |
| Answer» A. albumin | |
| Explanation: Albumin is a family of globular protein. The most important function is maintaining intra vascular colloid osmotic pressure. | |
| 50. |
The sinoatrial node depolarizes more frequently under the influence of |
| A. | medulla oblongata |
| B. | vagus nerve |
| C. | norepinephrine |
| D. | acetylcholine |
| Answer» C. norepinephrine | |
| Explanation: Norepinephrine is similar to adrenaline. It is used to treat life threatening low BP that can occur with certain medical conditions. | |
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