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740+ Physiology Solved MCQs

These multiple-choice questions (MCQs) are designed to enhance your knowledge and understanding in the following areas: Biology .

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Chapter: Renal
601.

Regarding renal tubular function:

A. Na+ is actively transported out of the thin portions of the loop of Henle
B. Na+ -K+ ATPase pumps Na+ out of the renal tubule
C. Cl- is transported only by co-transport
D. glucose is reabsorbed mainly in the distal tubule
E. penicillin is not actively secreted into tubular fluid
Answer» B. Na+ -K+ ATPase pumps Na+ out of the renal tubule
discuss
602.

Regarding the actions of angiotensin II, which is INCORRECT?

A. selective renal efferent arteriolar constriction
B. acts on CNS without crossing blood-brain barrier
C. contract mesangial cells
D. direct positive chronotropic action on heart
E. increases conversion of cholesterol to pregnenelone
Answer» D. direct positive chronotropic action on heart
discuss
603.

Normal values for renal function include all of the following EXCEPT:

A. filtration fraction =0.2
B. 22% of cardiac output
C. GFR = 180 litres/day
D. RPF = 900 litres/day
E. Tm glucose = 450 mg/minute
Answer» E. Tm glucose = 450 mg/minute
discuss
604.

Regarding renal handling of potassium, which is INCORRECT?

A. 10 to 15% of filtered load may be excreted in urine
B. two potassium per sodium are reabsorbed in thick ascending limb
C. excretion decreased in acidosis
D. distal tubular secretion is capable of “adaptation” depending on demand
E. aldosterone increases distal tubular secretion in exchange for sodium
Answer» B. two potassium per sodium are reabsorbed in thick ascending limb
discuss
605.

Normal urinary values include all of the following EXCEPT:

A. albumin ≤ 150mg/day
B. pH = 4.5 to 8.0
C. volume = 0.5 to 2.4 litres/day
D. specific gravity = 1.010 to 1.035
E. osmolality = 3 to 1400 millismol/litres
Answer» A. albumin ≤ 150mg/day
discuss
606.

Regarding the kidney:

A. prostaglandins decrease blood flow in renal cortex
B. acetylcholine produces renal vasoconstriction
C. angiotensin II causes constriction of efferent arterioles
D. angiotensin II causes constriction of afferent arterioles
E. glomerular capillary pressure normally is about 100mmHg
Answer» C. angiotensin II causes constriction of efferent arterioles
discuss
607.

Glucose reabsorption is most marked in which segment of the glomerulus?

A. the proximal convoluted tubule
B. the distal convoluted tubule
C. the descending loop of Henle
D. the ascending loop of Henle
E. the collecting system
Answer» A. the proximal convoluted tubule
discuss
608.

Why is NSAIDs use a relative contraindication in patients with chronic renal failure?

A. direct toxic effects on proximal tubule
B. direct toxic effects on collecting ducts
C. indirect toxic effects on loop of Henle
D. inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis which is an important regulator of renal blood flow in arterioles
E. inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis which is an important regulator of renal blood flow in main renal arteries
Answer» D. inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis which is an important regulator of renal blood flow in arterioles
discuss
609.

Characteristics of a substance suitable for measuring GFR do NOT include:

A. freely filtered
B. not toxic
C. no effect on filtration rate
D. not metabolised
E. of low molecular weight
Answer» E. of low molecular weight
discuss
610.

Amino acid reabsorption is most marked in which segment of the glomerulus?

A. the proximal convoluted tubule
B. the distal convoluted tubule
C. the descending loop of Henle
D. the ascending loop of Henle
E. the collecting duct
Answer» A. the proximal convoluted tubule
discuss
611.

Which of the following substances would NOT cause contraction of mesangial cells?

A. angiotensin II
B. dopamine
C. vasopressin
D. histamine
E. platelet activating factor
Answer» B. dopamine
discuss
612.

Chloride may be reabsorbed in the nephron by:

A. passive reabsorption
B. active co-transport with K+ and Na+
C. OH- /Cl- antiport
D. all of the above
E. none of the above
Answer» D. all of the above
discuss
613.

Which of these factors do NOT affect GFR?

A. renal blood flow
B. ureteral obstruction
C. dehydration
D. a neutral molecule measuring 4 manometer
E. angiotensin II effects on mesangial cells
Answer» D. a neutral molecule measuring 4 manometer
discuss
614.

The collecting duct is the main site of action for which of the following drugs?

A. ethanol
B. demeclocycline
C. thiazide diuretics
D. ethacrynic acid
E. caffeine
Answer» B. demeclocycline
discuss
615.

Which is NOT true of osmotic diuresis?

A. osmotic diuresis is due to the quantity of unreabsorbed solutes
B. decreased water reabsorption in proximal tubules and loops
C. reduced Na+ reabsorption as the limiting concentration gradient is exceeded
D. net loss of Na+ in urine
E. normal water reabsorption in proximal portion of tubules
Answer» E. normal water reabsorption in proximal portion of tubules
discuss
616.

Which of these is NOT a factor affecting acid secretion?

A. intracellular PCO2
B. carbonic anhydrase level
C. K+ concentration
D. aldosterone concentration
E. none of the above
Answer» E. none of the above
discuss
617.

Regarding the kidney:

A. glucose is reabsorbed mainly in distal tubule
B. normal GFR is 125ml/hour
C. glomeruli filter 180L fluid per day
D. Na+ is actively transported out of think loop of Henle
E. ethanol promotes vasopressin secretion
Answer» C. glomeruli filter 180L fluid per day
discuss
618.

Regarding renal blood flow:

A. blood flow greatest to medulla
B. pressure in renal vein is about 20mmHg
C. angiotensin II constricts efferent arterioles
D. prostaglandins increase blood flow in cortex and medulla
E. renal blood flow = renal plasma flow x 1 haematocrit
Answer» C. angiotensin II constricts efferent arterioles
discuss
619.

Osmolality of tubular fluid:

A. isotonic in proximal tubule
B. isotonic in loop of Henle
C. hypertonic in ascending limb loop of Henle
D. hypotonic in collecting duct
E. hypotonic in proximal tubule
Answer» A. isotonic in proximal tubule
discuss
620.

Regarding the kidney and urine formation:

A. specific gravity is measure of osmolality
B. thin ascending limb relatively impermeable to water
C. thin ascending limb relatively impermeable to Na+ Cl-
D. water diuresis begins about 1 hour after ingestion of a water load
E. high protein diet does not affect concentrating ability of kidney
Answer» B. thin ascending limb relatively impermeable to water
discuss
621.

Regarding tubular reabsorption in kidney:

A. glucose and amino acids passively reabsorbed
B. Cl- mainly actively reabsorbed
C. only passive reabsorption occurs in proximal tubule
D. urea is not passively reabsorbed
E. Na+ actively reabsorbed in most parts of tubule
Answer» E. Na+ actively reabsorbed in most parts of tubule
discuss
622.

In the presence of vasopressin, most filtered water is absorbed in the:

A. proximal tubule
B. loop of Henle
C. distal tubule
D. cortical collecting system
E. medullary collecting system
Answer» A. proximal tubule
discuss
623.

All of the following affect glomerular filtration, EXCEPT:

A. changes in renal flood flow
B. urethral obstruction
C. dehydration
D. oedema outside the renal capsule
E. glomerular capillary permeability
Answer» D. oedema outside the renal capsule
discuss
624.

The thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle:

A. is impermeable to water
B. has maximal permeability to NaCl
C. is relatively permeable to water
D. is impermeable to NaCl
E. is a site where there is no active transport of sodium
Answer» A. is impermeable to water
discuss
625.

In the normal bladder, micturition:

A. is initiated by the pelvic nerves
B. is co-ordinated in the lumbar portion of the spinal cord
C. is initiated at a volume of 600mls
D. is significantly affected by sympathetic nerves
E. is not facilitated at the level of the brain stem
Answer» A. is initiated by the pelvic nerves
discuss
626.

All the following statements regarding the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) are true EXCEPT:

A. it causes natriuresis
B. it lowers blood pressure
C. circulating ANP has a short half-life
D. ANP has the greatest affinity for the ANPR-B receptor of the glomerulus
E. it is released when atrial muscle is stretched
Answer» D. ANP has the greatest affinity for the ANPR-B receptor of the glomerulus
discuss
627.

Which part of the renal tubule is Na+ NOT actively transported out of?

A. proximal convoluted tubule
B. thin portions of the loop of Henle
C. thick ascending limb of loop of Henle
D. distal convoluted tubule
E. collecting duct
Answer» B. thin portions of the loop of Henle
discuss
628.

Where is the macula densa located?

A. afferent arteriole
B. efferent arteriole
C. proximal convoluted tubule
D. thick ascending limb of loop of Henle
E. distal convoluted tubule
Answer» D. thick ascending limb of loop of Henle
discuss
629.

What percentage of cardiac output goes to the kidneys at rest?

A. 10%
B. 15%
C. 25%
D. 35%
E. 45%
Answer» C. 25%
discuss
630.

Which factor increases renal blood flow?

A. α1 adrenergic stimulation
B. α2 adrenergic stimulation
C. reduced systemic blood pressure
D. exercise
E. lying down
Answer» E. lying down
discuss
631.

Angiotensin II:

A. constricts afferent arterioles only
B. constricts efferent arterioles only
C. constricts afferent and efferent arterioles
D. dilates afferent arterioles
E. dilates efferent arterioles
Answer» C. constricts afferent and efferent arterioles
discuss
632.

Regarding nephrons permeability:

A. glomerular capillaries are 100 times more permeable than skeletal muscle capillaries
B. anionic substances are more permeable than neutral substances
C. N (?normal) glomerular concentration of albumin is 0.2% of plasma concentration
D. neutral substances are freely filtered with diameters < 8nm
E. 100mg/d of protein is filtered at the glomerulus
Answer» C. N (?normal) glomerular concentration of albumin is 0.2% of plasma concentration
discuss
633.

Where does glucose reabsorption occur?

A. proximal convoluted tubule
B. thin descending limb of loop of Henle
C. thick ascending limb of loop of Henle
D. distal convoluted tubule
E. collecting duct
Answer» A. proximal convoluted tubule
discuss
634.

Vasopressin acts as the:

A. proximal convoluted tubule
B. loop of Henle
C. distal convoluted tubule
D. cortical portion of the collecting duct
E. medullary portion of the collecting duct
Answer» D. cortical portion of the collecting duct
discuss
635.

Regarding the bladder:

A. the external urethral sphincter is made up of smooth muscle cells
B. the internal urethral sphincter does not encircle the urethra
C. pelvic nerves (S2-S4) supply the external sphincter
D. when the bladder is stretched, tension is maintained
E. relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter assists micturition
Answer» B. the internal urethral sphincter does not encircle the urethra
discuss
636.

Which substance relaxes mesangial cells?

A. angiotensin II
B. ADH
C. noradrenaline
D. thromboxane A2
E. ANP
Answer» E. ANP
discuss
637.

Concerning the kidneys:

A. normal glomerular filtration rate is 250ml/minute
B. normal renal plasma flow is 125ml/minute
C. normal filtration fraction is 0.19
D. blood flow is normally higher in the medulla than the cortex
E. normal blood volume in the kidneys at any one time is 250ml
Answer» C. normal filtration fraction is 0.19
discuss
638.

Regarding renal handling of substances:

A. urea is filtered, but not secreted
B. most sodium is resorbed in the loop of Henle
C. creatinine is not filtered, but is resorbed
D. potassium is filtered, but not secreted
E. chloride is secreted and resorbed
Answer» A. urea is filtered, but not secreted
discuss
639.

Which of the following is transported via active transport?

A. chloride
B. hydrogen
C. glucose
D. urea
E. bicarbonate
Answer» B. hydrogen
discuss
640.

Concerning the respiratory exchange ration (R)

A. it falls during exercise
B. it falls in metabolic acidosis
C. the stomach has a positive R during secretion of acid
D. it rises after ingestion of alkali
E. at steady state, it equals the respiratory quotient
Answer» E. at steady state, it equals the respiratory quotient
discuss
641.

Regarding fat metabolism, all are true EXCEPT:

A. brown fat is characterised by a H+ short circuit protein in the mitochondria
B. heparin is a cofactor for lipoprotein lipase
C. ketone bodies accumulate in diabetic ketoacidosis due to reduced removal from the circulation
D. the essential fatty acids are used to produce autocoids
E. there is no major pathway for converting fat to carbohydrate
Answer» D. the essential fatty acids are used to produce autocoids
discuss
642.

Triiodothyronine:

A. is less potent than thyroxine
B. deficiency causes yellow skin due to keratin buildup
C. acts via a tyrosine kinase predominantly
D. causes an increase in Na+ /K+ ATPase activity
E. in both, deficiency but no excess leads to muscle weakness
Answer» E. in both, deficiency but no excess leads to muscle weakness
discuss
643.

Mesangial cells:

A. have a role in the control of GFR
B. are similar to other endothelial cells in the vascular tree
C. are responsible for tubuloglomerular balance
D. contract in response to dopamine
E. relax in response to vasopressin
Answer» A. have a role in the control of GFR
discuss
644.

With regard to water excretion:

A. 280 l is filtered per day
B. it is impossible to excrete more than 23 l/day
C. most regulation is via manipulation of the gradients along the loop of Henle
D. vasopressin acts to insert water channels into the basolateral cell membrane of the collecting ducts
E. water reabsorption in the collecting ducts can alter by a factor of 2.5 dependent on the presence of vasopressin
Answer» E. water reabsorption in the collecting ducts can alter by a factor of 2.5 dependent on the presence of vasopressin
discuss
645.

All of the following are transported across renal tubular cell membranes by secondary active transport, using the energy of the active transport of Na+ , EXCEPT:

A. glucose
B. lactate
C. citrate
D. H+
E. K+
Answer» E. K+
discuss
646.

Regarding the control of GFR:

A. increasing ANP causes contraction of mesangial cells
B. glomerular cap are less permeable than skeletal
C. oedema of kidney causes increase in renal intent po????
D. efferent arterioles have low reninlard
E. hypoproteinaemia increases GFR
Answer» C. oedema of kidney causes increase in renal intent po????
discuss
647.

Regarding osmotic diuresis:

A. is secondary to decreased ADH
B. results in hypertonic urine
C. increased water reabsorption in PCT
D. may be seen in patients with diabetes ketoacidosis
E. may be seen in patients with diabetes insipidis
Answer» D. may be seen in patients with diabetes ketoacidosis
discuss
648.

Effective renal plasma flow is best measured using:

A. inulin
B. glucose
C. PAH
D. urea
E. creatinine
Answer» C. PAH
discuss
649.

Substance X is freely filtered by the glomerulus and is not reabsorbed, nor secreted nor metabolized.
If - serum x concentration = 0.020 mg/ml
renal artery x concentration = 0.020 mg/ml
renal vein x concentration = 0.002 mg/ml
urine x concentration = 14 mg/ml
urine flow = 54 ml/hr
lymphatic x concentration = 0.00001 mg/ml
haematocrit = 0.45

Then the CLEARANCE of X is:

A. 10.5 ml/min
B. 630 ml/min
C. 10.5 mg/min
D. 630 mg/min
E. 60 ml/min
Answer» B. 630 ml/min
discuss
650.

Substance X is freely filtered by the glomerulus and is not reabsorbed, nor secreted nor metabolized.
If - serum x concentration = 0.020 mg/ml
renal artery x concentration = 0.020 mg/ml
renal vein x concentration = 0.002 mg/ml
urine x concentration = 14 mg/ml
urine flow = 54 ml/hr
lymphatic x concentration = 0.00001 mg/ml
haematocrit = 0.45

Renal plasma flow is:

A. 10.5 ml/min
B. 630 ml/min
C. 700 ml/min
D. 11.7 ml/min
E. 21.2 ml/min
Answer» C. 700 ml/min
discuss

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