McqMate
These multiple-choice questions (MCQs) are designed to enhance your knowledge and understanding in the following areas: Biology .
Chapters
| 551. |
Angiotensin II causes: |
| A. | greater constriction of efferent than afferent arterioles |
| B. | greater construction of afferent than efferent arterioles |
| C. | constriction of afferent arterioles only |
| D. | constriction of efferent arterioles only |
| E. | has no effect on arteriolar constriction |
| Answer» A. greater constriction of efferent than afferent arterioles | |
| 552. |
With regard to the effect of hormones on renal tubules, which is CORRECT? |
| A. | aldosterone increases potassium reabsorption from the distal tubule |
| B. | angiotensin II increases hydrogen ion secretion from the proximal tubules |
| C. | ADH increases water reabsorption in the proximal tubule |
| D. | atrial naturetic peptide decreases sodium reabsorption from the proximal tubules |
| E. | parathyroid hormone increases phosphate reabsorption |
| Answer» B. angiotensin II increases hydrogen ion secretion from the proximal tubules | |
| 553. |
With regard to tuboglomerular feedback: |
| A. | the GFR increases when flow through the distal tubule increases |
| B. | the macula densa on the afferent arteriole is the sensor |
| C. | the afferent arteriole is constricted by thromboxane A2 |
| D. | it is designed to maintain sodium reabsorption |
| E. | it does not operate in individual nephrons |
| Answer» C. the afferent arteriole is constricted by thromboxane A2 | |
| 554. |
The primary reason for the decreased medullary hypertonicity associated with osmotic diuresis is: |
| A. | an associated increased urine volume |
| B. | the limiting concentration gradient for sodium reabsorption is reached |
| C. | tubular fluid has an increased sodium concentration |
| D. | the total amount of sodium reaching the loop of Henle is increased |
| E. | the associated maximal vasopressin secretion |
| Answer» B. the limiting concentration gradient for sodium reabsorption is reached | |
| 555. |
With respect to renal handling of glucose: |
| A. | glucose is reabsorbed from within the distal tubule by co-transport |
| B. | glucose is reabsorbed from within the proximal tubule by facilitated diffusion |
| C. | glucose is always completely reabsorbed |
| D. | movement of glucose from tubular epithelial cells is by passive diffusion |
| E. | none of the above |
| Answer» E. none of the above | |
| 556. |
Creatinine: |
| A. | is synthesised in the liver from methionine, glycine and anganine |
| B. | is converted directly to creatine |
| C. | has variable excretion from day to day |
| D. | creatinuria occurs normally in the elderly and in pregnant women |
| E. | all of the above |
| Answer» D. creatinuria occurs normally in the elderly and in pregnant women | |
| 557. |
The thin ascending loop of Henle is: |
| A. | relatively permeable to water |
| B. | relatively impermeable to sodium ion |
| C. | permeable to both water and sodium ion |
| D. | relatively impermeable to water |
| E. | relatively impermeable to both water and sodium ion |
| Answer» D. relatively impermeable to water | |
| 558. |
The primary effect of angiotensin II on renal vasculature is: |
| A. | constriction of efferent arterioles |
| B. | enhanced prostaglandin mediated increased blood flow to the renal cortex |
| C. | enhanced catecholamine mediated afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction |
| D. | enhanced catecholamine mediated afferent vasodilatation |
| E. | constriction of interlobular arteries |
| Answer» A. constriction of efferent arterioles | |
| 559. |
What percentage of filtered sodium is reabsorbed by the kidney? |
| A. | 1% |
| B. | 93% |
| C. | 99% |
| D. | 50% |
| E. | 100% |
| Answer» C. 99% | |
| 560. |
Tuboglomerular feedback refers to: |
| A. | the process of increased sodium reabsorption associated with an increased glomerular filtration |
| B. | changes in peri-tubular oncotic pressure associated with changes in glomerular filtration |
| C. | decreased glomerular filtration associated with increased flow through the loop of Henle |
| D. | increased glomerular filtration associated with decreased peri-tubular oncotic pressure |
| E. | thromboxane A2 mediated increased sodium reabsorption associated with increased renal blood flow |
| Answer» C. decreased glomerular filtration associated with increased flow through the loop of Henle | |
| 561. |
Frusemide acts mainly at: |
| A. | proximal tubule |
| B. | thin limb of loop of Henle |
| C. | thick limb of loop of Henle |
| D. | distal tubule |
| E. | collecting duct |
| Answer» C. thick limb of loop of Henle | |
| 562. |
At which site does tubular fluid osmolality exceed that of plasma by the greatest amount? |
| A. | proximal tubule |
| B. | thin limb of loop of Henle |
| C. | thick limb of loop of Henle |
| D. | distal tubule |
| E. | collecting duct |
| Answer» B. thin limb of loop of Henle | |
| 563. |
At which site is sodium ion NOT actively reabsorbed? |
| A. | proximal tubule |
| B. | thin limb of loop of Henle |
| C. | thick limb of loop of Henle |
| D. | distal tubule |
| E. | collecting duct |
| Answer» B. thin limb of loop of Henle | |
| 564. |
At which site(s) is potassium ion secreted? |
| A. | distal tubule and collecting duct |
| B. | proximal tubule and distal tubule |
| C. | think limb of loop of Henle only |
| D. | thin limb and thick limb of loop of Henle |
| E. | none of the above |
| Answer» A. distal tubule and collecting duct | |
| 565. |
At which site does chlorthiazide act? |
| A. | proximal tubule |
| B. | thin limb of loop of Henle |
| C. | thick limb of loop of Henle |
| D. | distal tubule |
| E. | collecting duct |
| Answer» D. distal tubule | |
| 566. |
The cortical portion of the collecting duct has the capacity to reabsorb approximately 10% of the filtered water. Which substance is most important in regulating this effect? |
| A. | angiotensin II |
| B. | histamine |
| C. | vasopressin |
| D. | sodium |
| E. | prostaglandins |
| Answer» C. vasopressin | |
| 567. |
With respect to GFR: |
| A. | clearance of p-amino hippuric acid is used to determine GFR |
| B. | inulin cannot be used to measure GFR |
| C. | GFR is usually reduced in ureteric obstruction |
| D. | filtration pressure changes with change in blood pressure |
| E. | contraction of mesangial cells increases GFR |
| Answer» C. GFR is usually reduced in ureteric obstruction | |
| 568. |
With respect to the loop of Henle: |
| A. | the ascending limb is highly permeable to water |
| B. | the descending limb is impermeable to water |
| C. | the thick ascending limb co-transports sodium, potassium and chloride out of the lumen |
| D. | tubular fluid becomes concentrated as it passes through the ascending limb |
| E. | the ascending limb removes approximately 15% of filtered water |
| Answer» C. the thick ascending limb co-transports sodium, potassium and chloride out of the lumen | |
| 569. |
Mesangial cells: |
| A. | are specialised cells that are characterised by numerous pseudopodia |
| B. | are made to contract by dopamine |
| C. | are made to contract by angiotensin II |
| D. | lie within the renal medulla |
| E. | decrease the area for filtration when they relax |
| Answer» C. are made to contract by angiotensin II | |
| 570. |
Regarding the proximal tubule, the following statements are true EXCEPT: |
| A. | sodium is co-transported out of the tubule with glucose |
| B. | sodium is actively transported into the intercellular spaces by Na-K-ATPase |
| C. | the cells are characterised by a brush border and tight junctions |
| D. | vasopressin increases the permeability to water by causing the rapid insertion of water channels into the luminal membrane |
| E. | water moves passively out of the tubule along osmotic gradients |
| Answer» D. vasopressin increases the permeability to water by causing the rapid insertion of water channels into the luminal membrane | |
| 571. |
Renal autoregulation of GFR helps prevent large fluctuations in GFR despite wide variations in arterial blood pressure. With regard to autoregulation, which is TRUE? |
| A. | the macula densa cells sense change in afferent arteriolar pressure |
| B. | falling GFR results in a feedback to decrease efferent arteriolar pressure |
| C. | falling GFR results in an increase in renin secretion from macula densa cells |
| D. | decreased macula densa concentration of NaCl results in dilatation of afferent arterioles |
| E. | decreased GFR decreases NaCl reabsorption in the ascending loop of Henle |
| Answer» D. decreased macula densa concentration of NaCl results in dilatation of afferent arterioles | |
| 572. |
Aldosterone has its principle effect in the: |
| A. | proximal convoluted tubule |
| B. | descending loop of Henle |
| C. | thick ascending loop of Henle |
| D. | distal convoluted tubule |
| E. | collecting ducts |
| Answer» E. collecting ducts | |
| 573. |
85% of NaHCO3 in the filtrate is reabsorbed in the: |
| A. | proximal convoluted tubule |
| B. | descending loop of Henle |
| C. | thick ascending loop of Henle |
| D. | distal convoluted tubule |
| E. | collecting ducts |
| Answer» A. proximal convoluted tubule | |
| 574. |
Thiazide diuretics exert their main effect in the: |
| A. | proximal convoluted tubule |
| B. | descending loop of Henle |
| C. | thick ascending loop of Henle |
| D. | distal convoluted tubule |
| E. | collecting ducts |
| Answer» D. distal convoluted tubule | |
| 575. |
Ethacrynic acid exerts its principle effect in the: |
| A. | proximal convoluted tubule |
| B. | descending loop of Henle |
| C. | thick ascending loop of Henle |
| D. | distal convoluted tubule |
| E. | collecting ducts |
| Answer» C. thick ascending loop of Henle | |
| 576. |
When considering fluid balance, which of the following is INCORRECT? |
| A. | the minimum daily fluid output may normally be estimated by measuring the urine output and adding 500ml |
| B. | urine output is always the single largest contributor to fluid output |
| C. | fluid intake and output may be altered in response to a change in extracellular osmolarity |
| D. | fluid intake and output may be altered in response to a change in extracellular volume |
| E. | the hypothalamus is an important regulator of fluid intake |
| Answer» B. urine output is always the single largest contributor to fluid output | |
| 577. |
Which of the following does NOT stimulate erythropoietin secretion? |
| A. | cobalt salts |
| B. | thromboxanes |
| C. | androgens |
| D. | adenosine |
| E. | prostaglandins |
| Answer» B. thromboxanes | |
| 578. |
Glomerular filtration rate is best measured using: |
| A. | inulin |
| B. | glucose |
| C. | PAH |
| D. | urea |
| E. | creatinine |
| Answer» A. inulin | |
| 579. |
“Renal dose” dopamine increases glomerular filtration rate by: |
| A. | dilating the renal arteries |
| B. | dilating the vasa recta |
| C. | constricting the efferent arteriole |
| D. | relaxing glomerular perivascular mesangial cells |
| E. | all of the above |
| Answer» D. relaxing glomerular perivascular mesangial cells | |
| 580. |
Regarding the kidney: |
| A. | the glomerular filtration rate is 125mls/hr |
| B. | the renal threshold for glucose 300mg/dL |
| C. | glucose transport is an example of secondary active transport |
| D. | the blood flow in the renal medulla is greater than in renal cortex |
| E. | a high protein diet decreases renal blood flow |
| Answer» C. glucose transport is an example of secondary active transport | |
| 581. |
Which of the following substances is not excreted by the kidney in a normal adult on an average diet? |
| A. | K+ |
| B. | uric acid |
| C. | creatinine |
| D. | glucose |
| E. | urea |
| Answer» D. glucose | |
| 582. |
Which of the following statements regarding erythropoietin is INCORRECT in an adult? |
| A. | half-life of about 5 hours |
| B. | hypoxia can increase secretion within minutes |
| C. | is secreted by spleen and salivary glands |
| D. | is secreted in adequate amounts by liver in absence of kidneys |
| E. | is a glycoprotein |
| Answer» D. is secreted in adequate amounts by liver in absence of kidneys | |
| 583. |
“Renal dose” dopamine is: |
| A. | 1-2 mcg/kg/min |
| B. | 1-5 mcg/kg/min |
| C. | 1-10 mcg/kg/min |
| D. | 1-20 mcg/kg/min |
| E. | greater than 20 mcg/kg/min |
| Answer» D. 1-20 mcg/kg/min | |
| 584. |
Frusemide acts as a diuretic primarily by: |
| A. | inhibiting Na+ /K+ /Cl- co-transport in loop of Henle |
| B. | inhibiting action of vasopressin on collecting duct |
| C. | decreasing H+ secretion with resultant increase in Na+/K+ excretion |
| D. | inhibiting vasopressin secretion |
| E. | inhibiting Na+/K+ exchange in collecting ducts by inhibiting the action of aldosterone |
| Answer» A. inhibiting Na+ /K+ /Cl- co-transport in loop of Henle | |
| 585. |
Regarding the osmolality of renal tubular fluid, is it? |
| A. | hypotonic in loop of Henle |
| B. | isotonic in proximal tubule |
| C. | hypertonic in distal tubule |
| D. | hypotonic in collecting duct |
| E. | hypotonic in proximal tubule |
| Answer» B. isotonic in proximal tubule | |
| 586. |
Which of the following statements regarding renal tubular glucose absorption is INCORRECT? |
| A. | binds to SGLT-2 in luminal membrane |
| B. | example of secondary active transport |
| C. | transported out of luminal cell by GLUT-2 |
| D. | about 100% reabsorption in proximal tubule if less than transport maximum |
| E. | linked to sodium reabsorption |
| Answer» A. binds to SGLT-2 in luminal membrane | |
| 587. |
Which of the following does NOT increase renal tubular sodium reabsorption? |
| A. | cortisol |
| B. | oestrogen |
| C. | growth hormone |
| D. | insulin |
| E. | glucagon |
| Answer» E. glucagon | |
| 588. |
Regarding renal handling of glucose, which is INCORRECT? |
| A. | transport maximum varies depending on sex |
| B. | proximal tubular absorption is an example of a symport mechanism |
| C. | not all nephrons handle glucose filtration and reabsorption equally |
| D. | phlorhizin inhibits distal tubular reabsorption |
| E. | GLUT-2 transports glucose into interstitial fluid |
| Answer» D. phlorhizin inhibits distal tubular reabsorption | |
| 589. |
Regarding renal handling of sodium, which is INCORRECT? |
| A. | more than 95% of filtered sodium is reabsorbed |
| B. | proximal tubular reabsorption is an example of secondary active transport |
| C. | aldosterone increases reabsorption despite increasing GFR |
| D. | glucocorticoids may increase or decrease urinary excretion |
| E. | renal oxygen consumption is directly proportional to sodium reabsorption |
| Answer» C. aldosterone increases reabsorption despite increasing GFR | |
| 590. |
Which of the following agents cause relaxation of mesangial cells of the glomerulus? |
| A. | angiotensin II |
| B. | dopamine |
| C. | endothelins |
| D. | vasopressin |
| E. | noradrenaline |
| Answer» B. dopamine | |
| 591. |
Regarding renal handling of bicarbonate ion, which is INCORRECT? |
| A. | small size of bicarbonate ion affects reabsorption |
| B. | reabsorption is reciprocally related to chloride ion reabsorption in proximal tubule |
| C. | most reabsorption occurs in proximal tubule |
| D. | reabsorption requires carbonic anhydrase |
| E. | reabsorption is decreased by ECF expansion |
| Answer» A. small size of bicarbonate ion affects reabsorption | |
| 592. |
Regarding renal handling of ammonia, which is INCORRECT? |
| A. | ammonia is not filtered at the glomerulus |
| B. | ammonia is synthesised in proximal and distal tubules |
| C. | glutaminase plays a role in ammonia excretion |
| D. | non-ionic diffusion of ammonia maintains a concentration gradient for further diffusion |
| E. | ammonia diffusion can increase up to 30 fold |
| Answer» E. ammonia diffusion can increase up to 30 fold | |
| 593. |
Regarding renal handling of calcium, which is INCORRECT? |
| A. | metabolic acidosis decreases reabsorption |
| B. | growth hormone increases reabsorption |
| C. | calcium is actively reabsorbed |
| D. | about 60% of filtered calcium load is reabsorbed in proximal tubules |
| E. | glucocorticoids increase calcium reabsorption |
| Answer» B. growth hormone increases reabsorption | |
| 594. |
Regarding renal handling of chloride, which is INCORRECT? |
| A. | about 25% of filtered load is actively reabsorbed in thick ascending limb |
| B. | proximal tubular reabsorption is reciprocally related to bicarbonate reabsorption |
| C. | it is actively secreted in distal tubule |
| D. | two chloride per sodium are reabsorbed in thick ascending limb |
| E. | chloride-hydroxide antiport are present in the kidney |
| Answer» C. it is actively secreted in distal tubule | |
| 595. |
Regarding glomerular filtration: |
| A. | the glomerular filtration rate varies les than the renal plasma flow |
| B. | inulin is stored in the kidney |
| C. | sialoproteins in the glomerular capillary wall are positively charged |
| D. | dopamine causes contraction of mesangial cells |
| E. | changes in renal blood flow do not affect glomerular filtration rate |
| Answer» A. the glomerular filtration rate varies les than the renal plasma flow | |
| 596. |
Regarding renal handling of phosphate, which is INCORRECT? |
| A. | no tubular secretion occurs |
| B. | most reabsorption occurs actively in proximal tubule |
| C. | parathyroid hormone inhibits tubular reabsorption |
| D. | less than 5% of filtered load is excreted |
| E. | phosphate is a much more powerful buffer in tubular fluid than in blood |
| Answer» D. less than 5% of filtered load is excreted | |
| 597. |
Regarding renal handling of hydrogen ion, which is INCORRECT? |
| A. | acetazolamide decreases tubular secretion |
| B. | aldosterone increases distal tubular secretion |
| C. | much more acid secretion occurs in proximal than distal tubule |
| D. | lowest tubular fluid pH achievable is 4.5 |
| E. | secondary active transport mechanism operates in distal tubule |
| Answer» E. secondary active transport mechanism operates in distal tubule | |
| 598. |
In diabetes insipidis: |
| A. | percentage of filtered water reabsorbed is increased compared to normal |
| B. | there is a net gain of water in excess of solute (L/day) |
| C. | urine volume (L/day) is decreased |
| D. | urine concentration (msom/L) is markedly reduced |
| E. | glomerular flow (ml/min) is increased |
| Answer» D. urine concentration (msom/L) is markedly reduced | |
| 599. |
Which site of diuretic action is INCORRECT? |
| A. | antidiuretic hormone antagonists act in collecting duct |
| B. | loop agents act in thin ascending limb |
| C. | carbonic anhydrase inhibitors act in proximal tubule |
| D. | thiazides act in early distal tubule |
| E. | aldosterone antagonists act in cortical collecting tubule |
| Answer» B. loop agents act in thin ascending limb | |
| 600. |
Which of the following statements regarding angiotensin is INCORRECT? |
| A. | angiotensin II has a half-life of about 1-2 minutes |
| B. | angiotensin I is physiologically inactive |
| C. | angiotensin III has equivalent pressor activity to angiotensin II |
| D. | angiotensinogen mainly comes from the liver |
| E. | angiotensin converting enzyme is a dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase angiotensin converting enzyme |
| Answer» C. angiotensin III has equivalent pressor activity to angiotensin II | |
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