McqMate
These multiple-choice questions (MCQs) are designed to enhance your knowledge and understanding in the following areas: Biology .
Chapters
| 1. |
Regarding cellular components: |
| A. | peroxisomes are larger than lysosomes |
| B. | pH of lysosomes is higher than the rest of the cytoplasm |
| C. | microfilaments are hollow |
| D. | myosin 1 molecules are characteristically found in muscle cells |
| E. | microfilaments are made up of actin |
| Answer» E. microfilaments are made up of actin | |
| 2. |
Na+ -K+ -ATPase is an example of a/an: |
| A. | symport |
| B. | uniport |
| C. | biport |
| D. | antiport |
| E. | airport |
| Answer» D. antiport | |
| 3. |
Which decreases Na+ -K+ -ATPase pump activity? |
| A. | thyroid hormones |
| B. | dopamine |
| C. | G-actin |
| D. | intracellular sodium |
| E. | insulin |
| Answer» B. dopamine | |
| 4. |
Given that a person weighs 60kg and their haematocrit is 40%, their total blood volume is: |
| A. | 6L |
| B. | 5L |
| C. | 4L |
| D. | 3L |
| E. | cannot be calculated with the given information |
| Answer» B. 5L | |
| 5. |
What percentage of body weight is plasma? |
| A. | 2% |
| B. | 5% |
| C. | 8% |
| D. | 15% |
| E. | 20% |
| Answer» B. 5% | |
| 6. |
ECF volume can be estimated using: |
| A. | inulin |
| B. | D2O |
| C. | Evan’s blue |
| D. | radioactive chromium |
| E. | iron isotopes |
| Answer» A. inulin | |
| 7. |
The number of molecules in a mole is: |
| A. | 1 X 1026 |
| B. | 6 X 1026 |
| C. | 4 X 1026 |
| D. | 1 X 1023 |
| E. | 6 X 1023 |
| Answer» E. 6 X 1023 | |
| 8. |
The molecular mass of a substance is expressed in: |
| A. | moles |
| B. | Daltons |
| C. | equivalents |
| D. | osmoles |
| E. | grams |
| Answer» B. Daltons | |
| 9. |
Regarding mitochondria: |
| A. | genome inheritance is strictly maternal |
| B. | the citric acid cycle occurs at the outer membrane |
| C. | the space between the two membranes is called the matrix |
| D. | the mutation rate for mitochondrial DNA is less than for nuclear DNA |
| E. | involutions of the outer membrane are called cristae |
| Answer» A. genome inheritance is strictly maternal | |
| 10. |
Which volume of distribution is evaluated with which substance? |
| A. | plasma – D2O |
| B. | RBC volume – 51Cr |
| C. | ECF – Evans Blue |
| D. | Interstitial fluid – Inulin |
| E. | ICF – mannitol |
| Answer» B. RBC volume – 51Cr | |
| 11. |
Which is correct? |
| A. | blood volume is 8% total body weight |
| B. | 2/3 total body weight is ECF |
| C. | 75% of ECF is blood plasma |
| D. | water content of lean tissue is 25% |
| E. | total body water increases with increasing age |
| Answer» A. blood volume is 8% total body weight | |
| 12. |
For mitochondria, which is TRUE? |
| A. | NADH-DH, 5DH, bc, cox synthesise ATP |
| B. | the matrix is between the inner and outer mitochondrial DNA |
| C. | mitochondrial DNA is not transmitted paternally |
| D. | 99% of mitochondrial proteins are encoded by mitochondrial DNA |
| E. | ATP synthetase is powered by an electron gradient |
| Answer» C. mitochondrial DNA is not transmitted paternally | |
| 13. |
Which is TRUE? |
| A. | the cytoskeleton is composed of hydroxyapatites |
| B. | the mitotic spindle is composed of actin microtubules |
| C. | myosin is the most abundant protein in cells |
| D. | colchicine stabilises microtubules preventing organelle movement |
| E. | actin-myosin interaction allows cells to move |
| Answer» E. actin-myosin interaction allows cells to move | |
| 14. |
For the genome, which is TRUE? |
| A. | the human genome encodes 3 X 109 genes |
| B. | adenine binds to cytosine and guanine to thymine |
| C. | uracil replaces thymine in RNA |
| D. | 3% of DNA are introns |
| E. | haploid DNA in germ cells is single stranded |
| Answer» C. uracil replaces thymine in RNA | |
| 15. |
For transmembrane movement, which is TRUE? |
| A. | exocytosis requires Ca2+ and energy |
| B. | Na+ -K+ -ATPase is an example of facilitated diffusion |
| C. | amiloride activates epithelial Na+ channels |
| D. | clathrin is essential for vesicle exocytosis |
| E. | water can only enter cells via water channels |
| Answer» A. exocytosis requires Ca2+ and energy | |
| 16. |
For the Erlanger and Gasser classification, which is TRUE? |
| A. | Sunday morning syndrome mainly affects C fibres |
| B. | local anaesthetics primarily affect A fibres |
| C. | preganglionic autonomic fibres are type B |
| D. | C fibres have the largest diameter |
| E. | B fibres are the least susceptible to hypoxia |
| Answer» C. preganglionic autonomic fibres are type B | |
| 17. |
For the glial cells, which is TRUE? |
| A. | one schwann cell can myelinate up to 40 neurons |
| B. | oligodenotocytes are the scavenger cells of the CNS |
| C. | microglia are the scavenger cells of the PNS |
| D. | there are up to three glial cells per neuron in the nervous system |
| E. | protoplasmic astrocytesase found in grey matter |
| Answer» E. protoplasmic astrocytesase found in grey matter | |
| 18. |
For cardiac muscle, which is FALSE? |
| A. | HERG really is the acronym for human ether-a-go-go related gene |
| B. | intercolated discs are calcified structures within cardiac muscle cells |
| C. | resting membrane potential is -90mV |
| D. | cardiac muscle requires continuous supply of O2 to function |
| E. | cardiac muscle action potential time decreases with increasing heart rate |
| Answer» B. intercolated discs are calcified structures within cardiac muscle cells | |
| 19. |
For neurotransmitters, which is TRUE? |
| A. | acetylcholine is synthesised by true cholinesterase |
| B. | atropine blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors |
| C. | catecholamines are formed from VMA (vanillylmandelic acid) |
| D. | adrenaline has a higher affinity for α rather than β adrenergic receptors |
| E. | dopamine is formed by COMT from tryptophan |
| Answer» B. atropine blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors | |
| 20. |
Regarding body water, which is FALSE? |
| A. | 1/3 total body weight is extra and 2/3 intra cellular |
| B. | 60% of body weight is water |
| C. | plasma is 8% and total blood 10%, of body weight |
| D. | of extracellular fluid, 25% is vascular, 75% extravascular |
| E. | interstitial fluid is 15% of body weight |
| Answer» C. plasma is 8% and total blood 10%, of body weight | |
| 21. |
Chemical composition, which is TRUE? |
| A. | pH is the negative natural logarithm of [H+] |
| B. | pH 5 to pH 6 involves tenfold increase in [H+] |
| C. | pH remains 7.4 +/- 0.05 in ECF, stabilised by buffer |
| D. | H2O and CO2 H2CO3 H+ and HCO3-, adding H+ shifts the equilibrium to the right, while adding ??? shifts it to the left |
| E. | the Donnan effect does not contribute significantly to the balance of electrolyte between intra and extra vascular compartment |
| Answer» C. pH remains 7.4 +/- 0.05 in ECF, stabilised by buffer | |
| 22. |
Nerve fibres, which is FALSE? |
| A. | 70% of energy requirement of nerves is used in maintaining polarity across the recytlemina by action of Na-K ATPase |
| B. | metabolic rate of nerves doubles in max action |
| C. | “C” type fibres are non-myelinated and include some of the sympathetic preganglionic fibres |
| D. | “A” and “B” fibres are all myelinated |
| E. | effects of local anaesthetic are maximal in “C” fibres |
| Answer» C. “C” type fibres are non-myelinated and include some of the sympathetic preganglionic fibres | |
| 23. |
Regarding skeletal muscle, which is FALSE? |
| A. | metabolic rate of muscle may increase 100 times in maximal activity |
| B. | muscle cells can be excited chemically, mechanically and electrically, to produce action potentials in the cell membrane |
| C. | actin is a myosin-binding protein which is a molecular motor, converting ATP energy to monomers |
| D. | mitochondria are packed in between myofibrils |
| E. | T tubules occur over the junction of I and A bands |
| Answer» C. actin is a myosin-binding protein which is a molecular motor, converting ATP energy to monomers | |
| 24. |
More on muscles; which is TRUE? |
| A. | skeletal muscle cells act as syncytram, though intercellular communications |
| B. | some skeletal muscles are not subject to voluntary control |
| C. | smooth muscle contains regularly discharging pacemaker |
| D. | a variant of smooth muscle is found in the eye, which resembles skeletal muscle |
| E. | cardiac muscle does not contain regular striation |
| Answer» D. a variant of smooth muscle is found in the eye, which resembles skeletal muscle | |
| 25. |
More on muscles; which is FALSE? |
| A. | T tubules are extensions of extracellular space |
| B. | “cystems’ of SR are in contact with T-tubules |
| C. | myosin molecules combine to form thick filaments while actin, tropomyosin, and the troponins the t….. |
| D. | an individual muscle cell is a myofibril, containing myofilaments |
| E. | the sarcolemnia transmits action potentials |
| Answer» D. an individual muscle cell is a myofibril, containing myofilaments | |
| 26. |
In muscle construction, which is TRUE? |
| A. | only contraction is energy requiring, not relaxing |
| B. | sequestering of Ca2+ causes separation of actin-myosin bands and muscle relaxation |
| C. | ATPase clefts are on the tips of the myosin beads |
| D. | ryanodine receptors are voltage gated Ca2+ chains |
| E. | Troponin T inhibits the interaction of actin and myosin |
| Answer» B. sequestering of Ca2+ causes separation of actin-myosin bands and muscle relaxation | |
| 27. |
Action potentials: |
| A. | travel along neurons at a set velocity |
| B. | are only seen in neurons |
| C. | are generated initially by action of K+ voltage gated channels |
| D. | result from variation in Na+ and K+ membrane permeability |
| E. | are unidirectional impulses |
| Answer» D. result from variation in Na+ and K+ membrane permeability | |
| 28. |
The Na+ K+ ATPase pump: |
| A. | utilises ATP to pump out 2 Na+ ions for every 3 K+ ions |
| B. | activity is altered by insulin, aldosterone and thyroid hormones |
| C. | is only found in muscle and nervous tissue |
| D. | is made of α, β, and δ subunits |
| E. | ATP binds to the α subunit causing a protein configuration change |
| Answer» B. activity is altered by insulin, aldosterone and thyroid hormones | |
| 29. |
Which is TRUE? |
| A. | active transport is the major method for transport of glucose into cells |
| B. | facilitated diffusion utilises ATP to transport ions against their chemical or electrical gradients |
| C. | an example of an active transporter is the K+ H+ ATPase found in the gastric mucosa |
| D. | the H+ K+ ATPase is an example of an electrogenic pump |
| E. | none of the above |
| Answer» C. an example of an active transporter is the K+ H+ ATPase found in the gastric mucosa | |
| 30. |
The golgi apparatus, which is TRUE? |
| A. | is found only in secretory cells |
| B. | vesicles containing newly synthesised proteins bind to trans side of the apparatus |
| C. | constitutive pathway of cell secretion is responsible for further processing and storage of proteins |
| D. | is responsible for glycorylation of proteins |
| E. | none of the above |
| Answer» E. none of the above | |
| 31. |
With respect to protein synthesis: |
| A. | each amino acid found in human protein has its own individual single transfer RNA |
| B. | pre mRNA processing occurs in the cytoplasm prior to binding to ribosomes on the endoplasmic retic??? |
| C. | each gene has regulatory, promoter, coding and non coding regions which are all transcribed into pre mRNA |
| D. | introns no recognised physiological function |
| E. | the promoter site of a gene is the site where RNA polymerase binds |
| Answer» E. the promoter site of a gene is the site where RNA polymerase binds | |
| 32. |
Which is TRUE? |
| A. | polymerase chain reaction may be used to repair damaged DNA |
| B. | restriction fragment length polymorphism detects differences in DNA sequences between different individuals |
| C. | protein encoding genes make up only 15% of the human genome |
| D. | the only difference between DNA and RNA is the substitution of uracil for thymine |
| E. | the haploid human genome is made up of 3 X 106 base pairs |
| Answer» B. restriction fragment length polymorphism detects differences in DNA sequences between different individuals | |
| 33. |
Action potentials in skeletal muscle: |
| A. | travel along muscle fibres at varying rates |
| B. | have larger retratory periods compared to nerves |
| C. | causes uptake of Ca++ into sacroplasmic reticulum |
| D. | results in sustained contraction of muscle fibres |
| E. | the haploid human genome is made up of 3 X 106 base pairs |
| Answer» B. have larger retratory periods compared to nerves | |
| 34. |
Regarding membrane potential: |
| A. | it is only found in nervous tissue |
| B. | Na+/K+ pump does not contribute to the membrane potential |
| C. | its magnitude does not change from tissue to tissue |
| D. | the membrane potential is negative inside in relation to the outside |
| E. | it is mainly caused by leaking Na+/K+ channels |
| Answer» D. the membrane potential is negative inside in relation to the outside | |
| 35. |
Gamma amino butyric acid: |
| A. | is an excitatory mediator in the brain |
| B. | it is formed by decarboxylation of glutamates |
| C. | there are three different classes of GABA receptors |
| D. | it is mostly excreted unchanged in the urine |
| E. | is the main mediator in glutamate metabolism |
| Answer» B. it is formed by decarboxylation of glutamates | |
| 36. |
Substance P: |
| A. | is a carbohydrate |
| B. | is a polypeptide found in intestine and nervous tissue |
| C. | is a beta II amino acid residue mainly found in the liver |
| D. | it is not involved in the neuroendocrine system |
| E. | it is a lipid |
| Answer» B. is a polypeptide found in intestine and nervous tissue | |
| 37. |
Opioid peptides: |
| A. | are not formed from precursors |
| B. | morphine is an example of opioid peptides |
| C. | they form the opioid receptors in the brain |
| D. | are mainly found in the brain and gastrointestinal |
| E. | they are excreted unchanged almost always |
| Answer» D. are mainly found in the brain and gastrointestinal | |
| 38. |
Regarding the autonomic nervous system: |
| A. | does not have a reflex arc like somatic nervous system |
| B. | dopamine is the main transmitter |
| C. | cholinergic division of the autonomic nervous system increases activity of the intestinal musculature and increases gastric secretion |
| D. | norepinepherine is metabolised by pseudocholinesterase |
| E. | it is not involved with visceral sensation |
| Answer» C. cholinergic division of the autonomic nervous system increases activity of the intestinal musculature and increases gastric secretion | |
| 39. |
With respect to blood volume: |
| A. | the greater proportion is present in the arterial system |
| B. | the pulmonary vessels contain 50% |
| C. | the systemic capillaries and arterioles contain 7% |
| D. | the heart contains 20% |
| E. | the aorta contains 20% |
| Answer» C. the systemic capillaries and arterioles contain 7% | |
| 40. |
Blood pressure: |
| A. | fluctuates in the aorta between 180 and 20mmHg |
| B. | is approaching 0mmHg at the right atrium |
| C. | is half in the pulmonary arteries of that in the aorta |
| D. | is greater in large veins than the vena cava |
| E. | drops significantly at capillary level |
| Answer» B. is approaching 0mmHg at the right atrium | |
| 41. |
With respect to blood flow: |
| A. | during laminar flow, blood moves at greater velocity adjacent to the vessel wall |
| B. | turbulent flow can occur in long straight vessels |
| C. | during turbulent flow, there is less resistance to flow |
| D. | the tendency for turbulent flow increases inversely with the velocity of blood flow |
| E. | turbulent flow does not normally occur in the aorta |
| Answer» B. turbulent flow can occur in long straight vessels | |
| 42. |
As a percentage of total blood volume, which of the following values are CORRECT? |
| A. | 40% is in the pulmonary circulation |
| B. | 13% is in the systemic arteries |
| C. | 20% is in the systemic arterioles and capillaries |
| D. | 30% is in the veins |
| E. | none of the above are correct |
| Answer» B. 13% is in the systemic arteries | |
| 43. |
Which is NOT correct about reflex mechanisms acting on the circulation? |
| A. | the baroreceptors in the carotid bodies are stimulated when blood pressure increases |
| B. | the Bainbridge reflex causes increase in heart rate |
| C. | the Cushing reflex is a special central nervous system ischaemic response resulting from increased intracranial pressure |
| D. | the maximum firing per change in pressure of the carotid baroreceptors occurs at a mean arterial pressure of 90mmHg |
| E. | the glossopharyngeal nerve is involved in baroreceptor reflex system |
| Answer» A. the baroreceptors in the carotid bodies are stimulated when blood pressure increases | |
| 44. |
When the cholinergic vagal fibres to nodal tissues are stimulated: |
| A. | the membrane becomes hyper-polarised |
| B. | the slope of the pre-potential is decreased |
| C. | acetylcholine decreases conductance to Ca++ via muscarinic receptors |
| D. | acetylcholine increases the permeability of nodal tissues to K+ via muscarinic receptors |
| E. | all of the above are true |
| Answer» E. all of the above are true | |
| 45. |
Heart rate is accelerated by: |
| A. | decreased activity of baroreceptors in the left ventricle |
| B. | increased activity of baroreceptors in the pulmonary circulation |
| C. | increased intracranial pressure |
| D. | expiration |
| E. | increased activity of baroreceptors in the arteries |
| Answer» A. decreased activity of baroreceptors in the left ventricle | |
| 46. |
Regarding the physical characteristics of the circulation: |
| A. | arterioles have a strong muscular wall but can close completely |
| B. | the arterial system contains the greatest volume of blood at any given time |
| C. | the aorta has a greater total cross sectional area than the venae cavae |
| D. | velocity is directly proportional to the cross sectional area of the blood vessel |
| E. | Reynold’s number represents a measure of laminar blood flow |
| Answer» A. arterioles have a strong muscular wall but can close completely | |
| 47. |
Regarding a coronary blood flow: |
| A. | systolic blood flow in subendocardial arteries is greater than in the epicardial |
| B. | less than 50% of oxygen is removed during passage when in the resting state |
| C. | the coronary circulation is well supplied by parasympathetic vasodilatory fibres |
| D. | sympathetic vasoconstrictory fibres predominate in epicardial vessels |
| E. | none of the above |
| Answer» D. sympathetic vasoconstrictory fibres predominate in epicardial vessels | |
| 48. |
Active transport of Na+/K+ accounts for what percentage of energy utilised in cells and neurons? |
| A. | 20% cells, 50% neurons |
| B. | 24% cells, 50% neurons |
| C. | 24% cells, 70% neurons |
| D. | 30% cells, 70% neurons |
| E. | 30% cells, 90% neurons |
| Answer» C. 24% cells, 70% neurons | |
| 49. |
Human DNA – what proportion codes for proteins? |
| A. | 3% |
| B. | 13% |
| C. | 23% |
| D. | 33% |
| E. | 53% |
| Answer» A. 3% | |
| 50. |
Comparing nerve fibre types – which is FALSE? |
| A. | C fibres are most susceptible to local anaesthetic |
| B. | A fibres are least susceptible to local anaesthetic |
| C. | B fibres are found preganglionic – autonomic |
| D. | Aδ fibres transmit motor to muscle spindles |
| E. | some C fibres transmit postganglionic sympathetic impulses |
| Answer» D. Aδ fibres transmit motor to muscle spindles | |
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