McqMate
These multiple-choice questions (MCQs) are designed to enhance your knowledge and understanding in the following areas: Biology .
Chapters
| 1. |
Regarding muscle spindles: |
| A. | are composed of extrafusal fibres |
| B. | receive δ efferents |
| C. | all subtypes send afferents via “flower spray” ended 1a nerves |
| D. | nuclear chain fibres show dynamic response |
| E. | afferent discharge decreased with muscle stretch |
| Answer» B. receive δ efferents | |
| 2. |
Regarding the dorsal column: |
| A. | carries ipsilateral pain and temperature |
| B. | ascends to the nuclei gracillis and ????? |
| C. | receives efferents from contralateral stimuli |
| D. | sacral efferents lie laterally |
| E. | runs anteriorly in the cord |
| Answer» B. ascends to the nuclei gracillis and ????? | |
| 3. |
Temperature sensation: |
| A. | respond to compartitive temp gradient ??? skin |
| B. | cold receptors predominate |
| C. | warm receptors respond 30° - 100° |
| D. | afferents carried via the dorsal column |
| E. | warm and cold afferents carried via Ad fibre |
| Answer» B. cold receptors predominate | |
| 4. |
Regarding visual receptors: |
| A. | rods predominate in the jovea |
| B. | rhodopsin is the primary pigment of rods |
| C. | lie anterior (superficial) to their neural pathway |
| D. | colour blindness is an autosomal recessive gene |
| E. | supplied by retinal vessels |
| Answer» B. rhodopsin is the primary pigment of rods | |
| 5. |
Regarding sound and hearing: |
| A. | high pitched sounds are detected at the apex of the cochlear |
| B. | Harr cells are bathed in endolymph |
| C. | defected by hair cells found within the tectorium membrane |
| D. | 95% of afferent neurones → outer ??? cells |
| E. | supplied by retinal vessels |
| Answer» E. supplied by retinal vessels | |
| 6. |
Regarding noradrenergic stimulation: |
| A. | miosis occurs |
| B. | increases blood flow to the skin |
| C. | increases thresholds in the reticular formation |
| D. | causes erection in males |
| E. | elevates free fatty acid levels |
| Answer» D. causes erection in males | |
| 7. |
Regarding cholinergic stimulation: |
| A. | causes amylase secretion from salivary glands |
| B. | decreases secretion from pancreatic ????? |
| C. | relaxes the gallbladder |
| D. | has no effect on renal arterioles |
| E. | relaxes bronchial smooth muscle |
| Answer» D. has no effect on renal arterioles | |
| 8. |
The emotional component to pain is due to activation of: |
| A. | post central gyrus |
| B. | sylvian fissure |
| C. | hippocampus |
| D. | cingulated cortex |
| E. | calcavine fissure |
| Answer» A. post central gyrus | |
| 9. |
The chemical agent that initiates impulses in pain fibres is: |
| A. | ATP |
| B. | substance P |
| C. | Ca2+ |
| D. | H+ |
| E. | K+ |
| Answer» B. substance P | |
| 10. |
Regarding thermoceptors: |
| A. | there are more warm receptors than cold receptors |
| B. | cold receptors respond to 10-38°C |
| C. | afferents for cold receptors are C fibres only |
| D. | afferents found in the ventral spinothalamic tract |
| E. | respond to the temperature gradient across the skin |
| Answer» C. afferents for cold receptors are C fibres only | |
| 11. |
Regarding body temperature: |
| A. | humans are poikilothermic |
| B. | oral temperature is usually higher than rectal temperature |
| C. | it is usually lowest at 6am |
| D. | children have more precise temperature regulation |
| E. | emotion has no effect on core temperature |
| Answer» E. emotion has no effect on core temperature | |
| 12. |
Regarding the hypothalamus: |
| A. | it has neural connections with the anterior pituitary gland |
| B. | it integrates the vomiting reflex |
| C. | the anterior hypothalamus responds to cold |
| D. | it controls circadian rhythms via the supraoptic nuclei |
| E. | it has osmoreceptors in the anterior hypothalamus to stimulate thirst and vasopressin release |
| Answer» B. it integrates the vomiting reflex | |
| 13. |
Regarding the vomiting reflex, which is INCORRECT? |
| A. | it is integrated by the medilla |
| B. | breath is held in expiration |
| C. | the glottis closes |
| D. | it involves salivation |
| E. | there are afferents from vestibular nuclei |
| Answer» B. breath is held in expiration | |
| 14. |
Herring bodies are: |
| A. | nuclei of the hypothalamus |
| B. | secretory granules in the posterior pituitary |
| C. | circumventricular organs |
| D. | neurons connecting vestibular nuclei with the vomiting centre |
| E. | vesicles containing ACTH, TSH, GH, FSH, CH and PRL |
| Answer» C. circumventricular organs | |
| 15. |
The neurotransmitter secreted by primary afferent fibres for severe pain is: |
| A. | glutamate |
| B. | acetylcholine |
| C. | substance P |
| D. | opioid peptides |
| E. | noradrenaline |
| Answer» D. opioid peptides | |
| 16. |
Regarding rods and cones: |
| A. | Na+ channels are closed in the dark |
| B. | light striking the outer segments results in a depolarising receptor potential |
| C. | the receptor potentials are all-or-nothing |
| D. | rhodopsin is a serpentine receptor |
| E. | acetylcholine is released from the synaptic terminal |
| Answer» C. the receptor potentials are all-or-nothing | |
| 17. |
The visual cortex is situated at the: |
| A. | parieto-occipital sulcus |
| B. | cuneus |
| C. | calcanine fissure |
| D. | lateral geniculate body |
| E. | angular gyrus |
| Answer» D. lateral geniculate body | |
| 18. |
In the visual pathway: |
| A. | the lateral geniculate bodies are made up of t layers |
| B. | fibres for reflex pupillary constriction leave the optic nerve at the optic chiasm |
| C. | pituitary tumours can cause homonymous hemianopia |
| D. | macular sparing may or may not occur with lesions in the geniculocalcanine tract |
| E. | binasal visual field fibres decussate at the opticchiasm |
| Answer» D. macular sparing may or may not occur with lesions in the geniculocalcanine tract | |
| 19. |
When a normal innervated skeletal muscle is stretched, the initial response is contraction, but with increasing stretch, the muscle suddenly relaxes because: |
| A. | with strong stretch, the efferent discharge is decreased |
| B. | with strong stretch, the discharge from the annulospiral endings of afferent nerve fibres is inhibited |
| C. | with strong stretch, there is decreased activity in the afferent nerve fibres from the Golgi tendon organs |
| D. | with strong stretch, there is increased activity in the afferent nerve fibres from the Golgi tendon organs |
| E. | because of reciprocal innervation, there is increased discharge in the afferent nerve fibres from the antagonists to the stretched muscle |
| Answer» E. because of reciprocal innervation, there is increased discharge in the afferent nerve fibres from the antagonists to the stretched muscle | |
| 20. |
In a polysynaptic reflex, which of the following happen when the strength of the adequate stimulus is increased? |
| A. | the amplitude of the motor response is increased |
| B. | the motor response spreads to include other muscles and even other limbs |
| C. | there is increased inhibition of stretch reflexes |
| D. | the duration of the motor response increases |
| E. | all of the above are true |
| Answer» A. the amplitude of the motor response is increased | |
| 21. |
A tumour causing external compression to the anterior cervical spinal cord would be expected to: |
| A. | impair pressure and pain sensation mostly from sacral and lumbar areas |
| B. | impair fine touch and vibration mostly from sacral and lumbar areas |
| C. | impair pain only from cervical areas |
| D. | impair vibration sense only from cervical areas |
| E. | impair joint position from sacral areas only |
| Answer» D. impair vibration sense only from cervical areas | |
| 22. |
Which of the following need to be intact for normal stereognosis: |
| A. | dorsal columns |
| B. | parietal lobe |
| C. | pressure pathways |
| D. | all of the above |
| E. | none of the above |
| Answer» B. parietal lobe | |
| 23. |
Bitemporal hemianopia is most likely to be caused by a lesion at the: |
| A. | optic nerve |
| B. | optic chiasm |
| C. | optic tract |
| D. | optic radiation |
| E. | visual cortex |
| Answer» D. optic radiation | |
| 24. |
Regarding temperature regulation, which is NOT true? |
| A. | the anterior hypothalamus contains temperature sensitive cells |
| B. | shivering is activated by the posterior hypothalamus |
| C. | the anterior hypothalamus controls mechanisms activated by heat |
| D. | horripilation acts to increase heat production |
| E. | fever is produced by the action of cytokines on the hypothalmus |
| Answer» E. fever is produced by the action of cytokines on the hypothalmus | |
| 25. |
When a visual stimulus falls on a given point in the retina for a long time: |
| A. | the image becomes more clearly focused |
| B. | there is adaptation in the visual cortex |
| C. | the discharge rate in the bipolar cells increases |
| D. | the pupils constrict |
| E. | the image fades and disappears |
| Answer» A. the image becomes more clearly focused | |
| 26. |
Which of the following affect visual activity? |
| A. | cataracts |
| B. | vitamin A deficiency |
| C. | astigmatism |
| D. | contrast between stimulus and background |
| E. | all of the above |
| Answer» E. all of the above | |
| 27. |
The ‘tympanic reflex’: |
| A. | is activated by foreign bodies in the external auditory canal |
| B. | results in vertigo |
| C. | is activated by high-pitched sounds only |
| D. | results in the decreased transmission of sound |
| E. | none of the above |
| Answer» D. results in the decreased transmission of sound | |
| 28. |
Regarding pain transmission, which is NOT true? |
| A. | ‘fast pain’ fibres are Aδ fibres |
| B. | ‘slow pain’ fibres are C fibres |
| C. | substance P is the central transmitter |
| D. | all impulses pass through the central horn |
| E. | pain sensation results from over-stimulation of other sensory modalities |
| Answer» E. pain sensation results from over-stimulation of other sensory modalities | |
| 29. |
Which is NOT a part of the basal ganglia? |
| A. | caudate nucleus |
| B. | cuneate nucleus |
| C. | substantia nigra |
| D. | putamen |
| E. | globus pallidum |
| Answer» B. cuneate nucleus | |
| 30. |
With regard to pain pathways, all the following are true EXCEPT: |
| A. | peripheral afferents are transmitted along A (delta) and C fibres |
| B. | an intact cerebral cortex is necessary for pain sensation |
| C. | the synaptic transmitter released by primary afferent fibres subserving pain is substance P |
| D. | afferent fibres subserving pain sensation from viscera reach the CNS by both sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways |
| E. | the sensory organs for pain are marked nerve endings |
| Answer» B. an intact cerebral cortex is necessary for pain sensation | |
| 31. |
Cerebellar disease in humans causes all of the following EXCEPT: |
| A. | dysmetria |
| B. | scanning speech |
| C. | lead pipe rigidity |
| D. | rebound phenomenon |
| E. | dysdiadockokinesia |
| Answer» C. lead pipe rigidity | |
| 32. |
The righting reflex is pronounced after sectioning of the neural axis above which level: |
| A. | spinal cord |
| B. | medulla |
| C. | mid-brain |
| D. | subcortical nuclei |
| E. | all above intact but decerebellate |
| Answer» C. mid-brain | |
| 33. |
Regarding muscle spindles, which is NOT true? |
| A. | they contain nuclear bag and nuclear chain fibres |
| B. | they receive a motor supply via Aγ fibres |
| C. | they discharge more upon stretching of the muscle |
| D. | they are responsible for the inverse stretch reflex |
| E. | they relay information to the cord via Ia fibres |
| Answer» D. they are responsible for the inverse stretch reflex | |
| 34. |
The action potential of a neuron (influx): |
| A. | is initiated by efflux of Na+ |
| B. | is terminated by efflux of K+ |
| C. | declines in amplitude as it moves along the axon |
| D. | results in transient reversal of the concentration (?electrical) gradient of Na+ across the cell membrane |
| E. | is not associated with any net movement of Na+ of K+ across the cell membrane |
| Answer» E. is not associated with any net movement of Na+ of K+ across the cell membrane | |
| 35. |
The functions of tropomyosin in skeletal muscle include: |
| A. | releasing Ca2+ after an action potential |
| B. | sliding on actin to produce shortening |
| C. | binding to myosin during contraction |
| D. | acting as a “relaxing protein” at rest by covering up the sites where myosin binds to actin |
| E. | generating ATP which passes to the contractile mechanism |
| Answer» D. acting as a “relaxing protein” at rest by covering up the sites where myosin binds to actin | |
| 36. |
Regarding the autonomic nervous system: |
| A. | it does not have a reflex arch like the somatic nervous system |
| B. | it has dopamine as the main transmitter |
| C. | it has cholinergic division which increases activity of the intestinal musculature and increases gastric excretion |
| D. | neurotransmitter noradrenaline is metabolised by pseudocholinesterase |
| E. | it is not onvolved with visceral sensation (?involved) |
| Answer» C. it has cholinergic division which increases activity of the intestinal musculature and increases gastric excretion | |
| 37. |
Which of the following does NOT act via an intracellular receptor? |
| A. | atrial natriuretic peptide |
| B. | cortisol |
| C. | thyroxine |
| D. | aldosterone |
| E. | retinoic acid |
| Answer» E. retinoic acid | |
| 38. |
Steps involved in skeletal muscle contraction include all of the following EXCEPT: |
| A. | binding of acetylcholine to nicotinic receptors |
| B. | increased Na+ and K+ conductance in end plate membrane |
| C. | spread of depolarisation along T tubules |
| D. | binding of calcium to troponin T, with uncovering of its actin-myosin binding site |
| E. | CTP (cytidine triphosphate) |
| Answer» E. CTP (cytidine triphosphate) | |
| 39. |
Regarding the resting membrane potential in peripheral nerves: |
| A. | membrane permeability of potassium ions via K+ leak channels produces the resting potential |
| B. | a decrease in extracellular Ca2+ decreases excitability |
| C. | decreasing external Na+ concentration lowers the resting membrane potential |
| D. | changing the external Na+ concentration has no effect on the action potential |
| E. | decreasing the external K+ concentration increases the resting membrane potential |
| Answer» A. membrane permeability of potassium ions via K+ leak channels produces the resting potential | |
| 40. |
Regarding excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle, which statement is INCORRECT? |
| A. | calcium ions bind to troponin T |
| B. | troponin I – tropomyosin complex constitutes a “relaxing protein” |
| C. | each cycle of attachment and detachment shortens muscle length by about 1% |
| D. | ATP is the immediate source of energy |
| E. | globular head of myosin – II possesses actin binding site |
| Answer» A. calcium ions bind to troponin T | |
| 41. |
Microglia: |
| A. | are involved with myelin production |
| B. | are scavenger cells |
| C. | are performed in the brain |
| D. | are important in GABA uptake |
| E. | induce capillaries to form tight junctions and thus the blood brain barrier |
| Answer» B. are scavenger cells | |
| 42. |
The action potential: |
| A. | is always monophasic |
| B. | has an absolute refractory period lasting to the start of the after depolarisation |
| C. | has a relative refractory period lasting until repolarisation is complete |
| D. | requires opening of voltage gated Na+ channels |
| E. | results in ↓ K+ conductance |
| Answer» D. requires opening of voltage gated Na+ channels | |
| 43. |
Which of the following nerve fibre types is MOST sensitive to hypoxia? |
| A. | A-alpha |
| B. | A-beta |
| C. | A-delta |
| D. | B |
| E. | C |
| Answer» D. B | |
| 44. |
Regarding smooth muscle contractility, which statement is INCORRECT? |
| A. | increased by acetylcholine |
| B. | decreased by activation of phospholipase C |
| C. | increased by cold |
| D. | decreased by cAMP |
| E. | increased by stretch |
| Answer» B. decreased by activation of phospholipase C | |
| 45. |
Regarding smooth muscle, which statement is INCORRECT? |
| A. | multi-unit smooth muscle is present in the jejunum |
| B. | may exhibit pacemaker potentials |
| C. | mechanical response is much slower than striated muscle |
| D. | the membrane potential is unstable |
| E. | functions as a syncytium in viscera |
| Answer» A. multi-unit smooth muscle is present in the jejunum | |
| 46. |
A sarcomere: |
| A. | contains two separate halves of an A-band and an I-band |
| B. | is the space between two A-bands |
| C. | is between two Z-lines |
| D. | has the T-system of the sarcotubular system at sarcomere junctions |
| E. | contracts when the troponin molecule binds to the myosin head |
| Answer» C. is between two Z-lines | |
| 47. |
Type I muscle fibres: |
| A. | have fast glycolytic rates |
| B. | have low oxidative capacity |
| C. | are more commonly found in muscle that performs explosive work |
| D. | do not have a very high glycolytic capacity |
| E. | are not abundant in endurance athletes |
| Answer» D. do not have a very high glycolytic capacity | |
| 48. |
Regarding cardiac muscle, which statement is INCORRECT? |
| A. | resting membrane potential is about -90mV |
| B. | energy source at rest is mainly fat |
| C. | mechanical response lasts about twice as long as electrical response |
| D. | tetanus cannot occur |
| E. | it has an all-or-nothing contractile response |
| Answer» C. mechanical response lasts about twice as long as electrical response | |
| 49. |
Regarding denervation: |
| A. | it causes skeletal muscle hypertrophy |
| B. | does not lead to fibrillation |
| C. | causes hyposensitivity to acetylcholine in skeletal muscle |
| D. | smooth muscle is able to contract if it occurs in vivo |
| E. | causes fasciculations |
| Answer» D. smooth muscle is able to contract if it occurs in vivo | |
| 50. |
Which of the following nerve fibre types is MOST sensitive to pressure? |
| A. | A-beta |
| B. | A-gamma |
| C. | A-delta |
| D. | B |
| E. | C |
| Answer» A. A-beta | |
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