Which of the following equations is used to determine a positive predictive value?

Related MCQs

• A 50 year old male presents with widespread lymphadenopathy. He has had recent fever and weight loss. A trucut biopsy reveals a malignant tumor with the following phenotype; Cytokeratin negative, CLA positive, CD3 positive, and CD30 positive
• A 40 year old female presents with mediastinal hilar lymphadenopathy and she has recently noticed slight weight loss and a cough. Staging shows no other evidence of disease. A trucut biopsy reveals a lymphoma showing large cells with mirror image nuclei, lymphocytes, plasma cells and eosinophils. The following phenotype is seen; CD20 positive, CD3 negative, CLA positive, and CD15 positive
• A 50-year-old menstruating woman has a 1 .5-cm moderately differentiated breast cancer. The lesion is completely excised, and the margins of the excision are negative. Axillary node sampling shows that she has three positive nodes. The tumor is negative for estrogen and progesterone receptors and is highly positive for HER2. She is otherwise healthy. Her mother had breast cancer at 62 years and was treated by mastectomy; she is alive and healthy at the age of 80 years. The patients sister had breast cancer at 54 years and was treated by breast conservation therapy; 4 years later she died of a recurrence of breast cancer. The patient has seen two different surgeons with opposing viewpoints regarding the best treatment, and she has been reading extensively on the Internet and has become confused about her options. Which of the following represents the best treatment for this patient?
• A 68-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for a routine physical examination. The patient‟s medical history is significant for hypertension. The patient is found to have guaiac-positive stools and is subsequently referred for colonoscopy. Colonoscopy reveals a “golf ball”-size, near-obstructing tumor in the descending colon, not admitting the scope. The biopsy is positive for adenocarcinoma of the colon. Which of the following is the next step in the management of this patient?
• Which of the following adjuvant systemic therapies would be most appropriate to recommend for an otherwise healthy patient who has HER-2/neu-positive (FISH) ER/PR-negative breast cancer with positive axillary lymph nodes?
• A 65-year-old woman has a modified radical mastectomy for a 1.0-cm, well-differentiated breast cancer. The tumor is positive for estrogen and progesterone receptors and negative for HER2. Sentinel node mapping and excision show that none of the three lymph nodes removed is positive for metastasis. She is otherwise healthy. What is the best treatment for this patient at this time?
• A firm 2 to 3 cm mass is palpable in the upper outer quadrant of the right breast of a 52-year-old woman. There are no palpable axillary lymph nodes. A lumpectomy with axillary node dissection is performed and the breast lesion is found to have positive immunohistochemical staining for HER2/neu (c-erb B2). Staining for oestrogen and progesterone receptors is negative. Which of the following additional treatment options is most appropriate, based upon these findings?
• A 30-year-old woman has a right mastectomy and axillary lymph node dissection for a carcinoma diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology. The histologic pattern is that of a poorly differentiated carcinoma that is negative for oestrogen and progesterone receptors, but is positive for HER2/neu. One axillary lymph node demonstrates micro- metastases. Her 32 year old sister is found to have a similar lesion. Which of the following statements regarding risk factors for this lesion is the most appropriate?
• Which of the following pathological stages of breast cancer is associated with a patient who has a 5.0-cm primary tumor and 12/15 positive, non-fixed lymph nodes?
• A 40-year-old woman was treated for breast cancer 5 years ago by lumpectomy, breast irradiation, and 3 months of chemotherapy. Her original cancer was negative for estrogen and progesterone receptors and unequivocally positive for HER2. Her periods stopped during chemotherapy but resumed 4 months later, and she remains premenopausal now. She is evaluated now because of pain in her back, a nagging cough, and fatigue. Physical examination shows palpable skin nodules over the affected breast, axillary adenopathy, and dullness to percussion, and decreased breath sounds in the base of the left lung; her liver edge is palpable below the right costochondral border. Liver function values are approximately twice normal; serum bilirubin is normal. Radiograph of the chest shows multiple pulmonary nodules and a left pleural effusion confirmed by CT, which also shows the liver nodules. Bone scan and MRI are consistent with bone metastases. Biopsy of one of the skin lesions is consistent with metast