McqMate
These multiple-choice questions (MCQs) are designed to enhance your knowledge and understanding in the following areas: Bachelor of Science in Counselling Psychology (BSc Counselling Psychology) .
| 51. |
Who among the learning theorist proposed the Modelling principle? |
| A. | pavlov |
| B. | skinner |
| C. | bandura |
| D. | j. watson |
| Answer» B. skinner | |
| 52. |
Strength of Bandura's social learning theory is its emphasis on particular aspects of the environment, such as the nature of the ……………. available to children. |
| A. | role models |
| B. | rewards |
| C. | reinforcement |
| D. | rewards and punishment |
| Answer» A. role models | |
| 53. |
Which is the correct sequence of stages in Piaget's theory of cognitive development? |
| A. | sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational |
| B. | sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational |
| C. | preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational |
| D. | preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, concrete operational |
| Answer» A. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational | |
| 54. |
During which stage of cognitive development do children acquire object permanence? |
| A. | sensorimotor |
| B. | preoperational |
| C. | concrete operational |
| D. | formal operational |
| Answer» A. sensorimotor | |
| 55. |
As a child observes, liquid is transferred from a tall, thin tube into a short, wide jar. The child is asked if there is now less liquid in order to determine if she has mastered: |
| A. | the schema for liquids. |
| B. | the concept of object permanence. |
| C. | the concept of conservation. |
| D. | the ability to reason abstractl |
| Answer» C. the concept of conservation. | |
| 56. |
Piaget held that egocentrism is characteristic of the: |
| A. | sensorimotor stage. |
| B. | preoperational stage. |
| C. | concrete operational stage. |
| D. | formal operational stage |
| Answer» B. preoperational stage. | |
| 57. |
According to Piaget, the ability to think logically about abstract propositions is indicative of the stage of: |
| A. | preoperational thought. |
| B. | concrete operations. |
| C. | formal operations. |
| D. | fluid intelligence. |
| Answer» C. formal operations. | |
| 58. |
Whose stage theory of moral development was based on how people reasoned about ethical dilemmas? |
| A. | erikson |
| B. | piaget |
| C. | harlow |
| D. | kohlberg |
| Answer» D. kohlberg | |
| 59. |
To which of Kohlberg's levels would moral reasoning based on the existence of fundamental human rights pertain? |
| A. | preconventional morality |
| B. | conventional morality |
| C. | postconventional morality |
| D. | generative morality |
| Answer» C. postconventional morality | |
| 60. |
Sam, a junior in high school, regularly attends church because his family and friends think he should. Which stage of moral reasoning is Sam in? |
| A. | preconventional |
| B. | conventional |
| C. | postconventional |
| D. | too little information to tell |
| Answer» B. conventional | |
| 61. |
In preconventional morality, the person: |
| A. | obeys out of a sense of social duty. |
| B. | conforms to gain social approval. |
| C. | obeys to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards. |
| D. | follows the dictates of his or her conscience. |
| Answer» C. obeys to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards. | |
| 62. |
According to Erikson, the central psychological challenges pertaining to adolescence, young adulthood, and middle age, respectively, are: |
| A. | identity formation; intimacy; generativity. |
| B. | intimacy; identity formation; generativity. |
| C. | generativity; intimacy; identity formation. |
| D. | intimacy; generativity; identity formation. |
| Answer» A. identity formation; intimacy; generativity. | |
| 63. |
In Erikson's theory, individuals generally focus on developing during adolescence and then during young adulthood. |
| A. | identity; intimacy |
| B. | intimacy; identity |
| C. | basic trust; identity |
| D. | identity; basic trust |
| Answer» A. identity; intimacy | |
| 64. |
After a series of unfulfilling relationships, 30-year-old Carlos tells a friend that he doesn't want to marry because he is afraid of losing his freedom and independence. Erikson would say that Carlos is having difficulty with the psychosocial task of: |
| A. | trust versus mistrust. |
| B. | autonomy versus doubt. |
| C. | intimacy versus isolation. |
| D. | identity versus role confusion. 65. what is the response pattern of securely attached children in the strange situationwhen their mothers return? |
| Answer» C. intimacy versus isolation. | |
| 65. |
Motor development in babies develops in a proximodistal fashion. This is best described as: |
| A. | from nearest to the center of the body to the farthest from the center |
| B. | from the top of the head to the bottom of the feet |
| C. | from the farthest from the center to the nearest to the center |
| D. | from the bottom of the body to the top of the body |
| Answer» A. from nearest to the center of the body to the farthest from the center | |
| 66. |
According to Sigmund Freud, what is the correct order of the five psychosexual stages of development? |
| A. | oral, anal, phallic, early, genital |
| B. | oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital |
| C. | anal, phallic, latency, genital, oral |
| D. | genital, oral, latency, phallic, ana |
| Answer» B. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital | |
| 67. |
Authoritative parents can best be defined as: |
| A. | parents who befriend their children and do not use discipline |
| B. | parents who are less controlling and behave with a more accepting attitude |
| C. | parents who try to control the behavior of their children in accordance with a set standard of conduct |
| D. | supportive parents who discuss their rules and policies with their children |
| Answer» D. supportive parents who discuss their rules and policies with their children | |
| 68. |
Which of the following is NOT one of Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning? |
| A. | conventional |
| B. | unconventional |
| C. | postconventional |
| D. | preconventional |
| Answer» B. unconventional | |
| 69. |
According to the cognitive developmental perspective of development, the child is ______ and development is _____. |
| A. | passive, continuous |
| B. | active, continuous |
| C. | passive, discontinuous |
| D. | active, discontinuous |
| Answer» D. active, discontinuous | |
| 70. |
Which of the following statements about the heritability of temperament is TRUE? |
| A. | temperament is only influenced by genetic factors |
| B. | temperament is not influenced by genetic factors |
| C. | heritability is demonstrated by mz twins being more similar than dz twins |
| D. | heritability is demonstrated by mz twin and dz twins being equally similar in |
| Answer» C. heritability is demonstrated by mz twins being more similar than dz twins | |
| 71. |
By what age do children typically succeed on false-belief and appearance reality problems? |
| A. | 2 years |
| B. | 3 years |
| C. | 5 years |
| D. | 8 years |
| Answer» C. 5 years | |
| 72. |
Which of the following comparisons between Piaget and Kohlberg’s theories of moral judgement is TRUE: |
| A. | both agreed that to young children, right and wrong is determined by obedience to rules and authority figures |
| B. | both agreed on the number of stages individuals passed through before achieving mature moral reasoning |
| C. | both agreed that all normal individuals advance to the highest level of moral reasoning |
| D. | piaget believed that development of moral reasoning was continuous, whereas kohlberg believed it was discontinuous |
| Answer» A. both agreed that to young children, right and wrong is determined by obedience to rules and authority figures | |
| 73. |
At what age do children begin to differentiate between others’ emotional distress and their own? |
| A. | 3-12 months |
| B. | 6-14 months |
| C. | 9-18 months |
| D. | 2 years |
| Answer» B. 6-14 months | |
| 74. |
The realization that all sets of a particular number of objects (e.g. 5) have something in common is referred to as: |
| A. | numerical equality |
| B. | numerical inequality |
| C. | subitising |
| D. | counting commonalities |
| Answer» A. numerical equality | |
| 75. |
Piaget believed that young infants’ failure to reach for a hidden object indicated that they: |
| A. | were no longer interested in the object |
| B. | were unaware of the existence of the object |
| C. | were unable to reach the object |
| D. | were unable to uncover the object |
| Answer» B. were unaware of the existence of the object | |
| 76. |
At what age do children typically develop gender identity (the ability to label each correctly)? |
| A. | 1 -1/2 years |
| B. | 2-1/2 years |
| C. | 3-1/2 years |
| D. | 6 years |
| Answer» B. 2-1/2 years | |
| 77. |
Which of Erikson's Psychosocial Stages characterizes adolescence? |
| A. | industry vs. inferiority |
| B. | intimacy vs. isolation |
| C. | identity vs identity diffusion |
| D. | initiative vs guilt |
| Answer» C. identity vs identity diffusion | |
| 78. |
The rooting reflex occurs when a: |
| A. | newborn\s foot is tickled. |
| B. | newborn\s cheek is touched. |
| C. | newborn hears a loud noise. |
| D. | newborn makes eye contact with his or her caregiver. |
| Answer» B. newborn\s cheek is touched. | |
| 79. |
In Piaget's theory, conservation is to egocentrism as the stage is to the stage. |
| A. | sensorimotor; formal operational |
| B. | formal operational; sensorimotor |
| C. | preoperational; sensorimotor |
| D. | concrete operational; preoperational |
| Answer» D. concrete operational; preoperational | |
| 80. |
In Piaget's stage of concrete operational intelligence, the child acquires an understanding of the principle of: |
| A. | conservation. |
| B. | deduction. |
| C. | attachment. |
| D. | object permanence. |
| Answer» A. conservation. | |
| 81. |
In a 1998 movie, a young girl finds that a gaggle of geese follows her wherever she goes because she was the first “object” they saw after they were born. This is an example of: |
| A. | conservation. |
| B. | imprinting. |
| C. | egocentrism. |
| D. | basic trust. |
| Answer» B. imprinting. | |
| 82. |
The developmental theorist who suggested that securely attached children develop an attitude of basic trust is: |
| A. | piaget. |
| B. | harlow. |
| C. | vygotsky. |
| D. | erikson. |
| Answer» D. erikson. | |
| 83. |
Which of the following was not mentioned in the text as a criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development? |
| A. | it does not account for the fact that the development of moral reasoning is culture- specific. |
| B. | postconventional morality appears mostly in educated, middle-class persons. |
| C. | the theory is biased against the moral reasoning of people in communal societies such as china. |
| D. | the theory is biased in favor of moral reasoning in men |
| Answer» A. it does not account for the fact that the development of moral reasoning is culture- specific. | |
| 84. |
In Erikson's theory, individuals generally focus on developing during adolescence and then during young adulthood. |
| A. | identity; intimacy |
| B. | intimacy; identity |
| C. | basic trust; identity |
| D. | identity; basic trust |
| Answer» A. identity; intimacy | |
| 85. |
Which of the following theories best exemplifies continuity? |
| A. | erikson\s psychosocial theory |
| B. | vygotsky\s sociocultural theory |
| C. | piaget\s cognitive development theory |
| D. | kohlberg’s theory of moral development |
| Answer» B. vygotsky\s sociocultural theory | |
| 86. |
Jean Piaget defined egocentrism as: |
| A. | the belief that young adults don\t listen to their parents |
| B. | the idea that preschool children cannot see things from another\s point of view |
| C. | the understanding that young children cannot learn outside of a structured classroom |
| D. | the idea that young children are selfish and grow out of it over time |
| Answer» B. the idea that preschool children cannot see things from another\s point of view | |
| 87. |
Monica is extremely neat and orderly. She cannot stand it when people touch things on her desk. She also has a problem lending money to even her closest friends. Freud would say she is stuck in what psychosexual stage? |
| A. | oral |
| B. | anal |
| C. | phallic |
| D. | latency |
| Answer» B. anal | |
| 88. |
According to Erik Erikson, what is one major conflict teenagers deal with during the identity versus role confusion stage of psychosocial development? |
| A. | finding a more purposeful life as an adult |
| B. | achieving personal satisfaction |
| C. | reflecting on previous life challenges |
| D. | finding intimacy by developing loving relationships |
| Answer» A. finding a more purposeful life as an adult | |
| 89. |
According to Erik Erikson, as a young adult you are most interested in developing: |
| A. | initiative |
| B. | integrity |
| C. | trust |
| D. | intimacy |
| Answer» D. intimacy | |
| 90. |
As children begin their elementary school years, they enter Erikson's stage of: |
| A. | trust versus mistrust |
| B. | autonomy versus doubt |
| C. | initiative versus guilt |
| D. | industry versus inferiority |
| Answer» D. industry versus inferiority | |
| 91. |
Which of the following is a similarity between the cognitive developmental theory of Piaget and the moral developmental theory of Kohlberg? |
| A. | both theories stress the importance of changes in thinking in their stages. |
| B. | both believe personality is formed in the first 5 years. |
| C. | both theories stress the importance of the third stage in the developmental process. |
| D. | both developed a life span theory and had eight stages. |
| Answer» A. both theories stress the importance of changes in thinking in their stages. | |
| 92. |
According to social learning theory, gender identity is I. A process which occurs when young children unconsciously identify with the same-sex parent. II. A result of being positively reinforced for acting in ways that conform to male and female roles. III. Learned through observing and imitating role models like their parents. |
| A. | i only |
| B. | ii only |
| C. | iii only |
| D. | ii and iii only |
| Answer» D. ii and iii only | |
| 93. |
Which of the following theories best exemplifies continuity? |
| A. | erikson\s psychosocial theory |
| B. | vygotsky\s sociocultural theory |
| C. | piaget\s cognitive development theory |
| D. | kohlberg\s theory of moral development |
| Answer» B. vygotsky\s sociocultural theory | |
| 94. |
Which of the following reflexes is not a reflex infants enter the world equipped with? |
| A. | sucking |
| B. | swallowing |
| C. | stepping |
| D. | licking |
| Answer» D. licking | |
| 95. |
Temperament is best defined as: |
| A. | personality traits inherited from biological parents |
| B. | learned behavioral tendencies of a young child |
| C. | physical and emotional characteristics of a newborn child and young infant |
| D. | psychological and physiological personality traits a young child models from his |
| Answer» D. psychological and physiological personality traits a young child models from his | |
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