McqMate
These multiple-choice questions (MCQs) are designed to enhance your knowledge and understanding in the following areas: Bachelor of Science in Counselling Psychology (BSc Counselling Psychology) .
| 1. |
Learning may be defined as a ______ change in behavior that occurs as the result of experience. |
| A. | relatively permanent |
| B. | sensitization |
| C. | fixed |
| D. | continuous |
| Answer» A. relatively permanent | |
| 2. |
Habituation involves learning about a _____. |
| A. | multiple stimuli |
| B. | single response |
| C. | single stimulus |
| D. | multiple response |
| Answer» C. single stimulus | |
| 3. |
If the UCS is subsequently omitted, the CR will experience |
| A. | reinforcement |
| B. | extinction |
| C. | learning |
| D. | association |
| Answer» B. extinction | |
| 4. |
It reflects the preservation of the original CS-UCS association after extinction training. |
| A. | reinforcement |
| B. | spontaneous recovery |
| C. | generalization |
| D. | discrimination |
| Answer» B. spontaneous recovery | |
| 5. |
The best description for UCS is.. |
| A. | a stimulus that automatically elicits a response |
| B. | a previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response |
| C. | produced by association |
| D. | influenced by the intensity of learned response |
| Answer» A. a stimulus that automatically elicits a response | |
| 6. |
In Pavlov’s experiment, ___ is considered an unconditioned response. |
| A. | meat powder |
| B. | sleeping |
| C. | food |
| D. | salivation |
| Answer» D. salivation | |
| 7. |
It is a change in the electrical activity of the skin that occurs during emotional stress. |
| A. | gsr |
| B. | ucr |
| C. | ucs |
| D. | crt |
| Answer» A. gsr | |
| 8. |
Excitatory conditioning is.. |
| A. | it is an ability of a cs to decrease the probability or magnitude of a given behavior. |
| B. | it is an inability of a cs to increase the probability or magnitude of a given behavior. |
| C. | it is an ability of a cs to increase the probability or magnitude of a given behavior. |
| D. | it is an inability of a cs to decrease the probability or magnitude of a given behavior. |
| Answer» C. it is an ability of a cs to increase the probability or magnitude of a given behavior. | |
| 9. |
The child may expect playfulness only from dogs that look like hers. This refers to.. |
| A. | association |
| B. | discrimination |
| C. | generalization |
| D. | extinction |
| Answer» B. discrimination | |
| 10. |
If the doctor always tells a child that “it won’t hurt, when in fact it sometimes does, the child has no danger or safety signals and may become terribly anxious whenever in the doctor’s office. This implies.. |
| A. | learning can be fearful |
| B. | children do not respond to motivation |
| C. | doctors are ineffective motivators |
| D. | predictability is also important for emotional reactions |
| Answer» D. predictability is also important for emotional reactions | |
| 11. |
Punishment is the _____ of reinforcement. |
| A. | opposite |
| B. | principle |
| C. | basis |
| D. | equivalent |
| Answer» A. opposite | |
| 12. |
Skinner box is also known as.. |
| A. | simple latch |
| B. | operant chamber |
| C. | omission training |
| D. | black box |
| Answer» B. operant chamber | |
| 13. |
The likelihood that you bring your date chocolate on Valentine’s Day will decrease if he or she gets mad at you for offering the caloric gift. This shows.. |
| A. | baseline level |
| B. | omission training |
| C. | restructuring |
| D. | change stimulus |
| Answer» B. omission training | |
| 14. |
If leaving your apartment removes you from an unpleasant environment, then the time you spend away from your apartment will increase referring to.. |
| A. | positive reinforcement |
| B. | negative reinforcement |
| C. | positive punishment |
| D. | negative punishment |
| Answer» B. negative reinforcement | |
| 15. |
When the dog is trained to catch a ball, you can give the animal a food reinforcer each time it approaches the ball until finally the dog mouths and grabs the ball referring to.. |
| A. | sensitization |
| B. | omission training |
| C. | shaping |
| D. | extinction |
| Answer» C. shaping | |
| 16. |
Reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of responses. |
| A. | fixed ratio |
| B. | variable ratio |
| C. | fixed interval |
| D. | variable interval |
| Answer» A. fixed ratio | |
| 17. |
Non-reflexive, voluntary behaviors are associated with _______________ conditioning. |
| A. | operant |
| B. | classical |
| C. | insight |
| D. | social |
| Answer» A. operant | |
| 18. |
Responding decreases with the elimination of reinforcing consequences during the extinction process of _________________ conditioning. |
| A. | operant |
| B. | classical |
| C. | insight |
| D. | social |
| Answer» A. operant | |
| 19. |
In __________ conditioning, the conditioned responses are active behaviors that operate on the environment. |
| A. | operant |
| B. | classical |
| C. | insight |
| D. | social |
| Answer» A. operant | |
| 20. |
In _____________ conditioning, the basis of learning is the association of two stimuli, the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus. |
| A. | operant |
| B. | classical |
| C. | insight |
| D. | social |
| Answer» B. classical | |
| 21. |
The expectation that the conditioned response reliably predicts the unconditioned stimulus characterizes the cognitive aspect of _______________ conditioning. |
| A. | operant |
| B. | classical |
| C. | insight |
| D. | social |
| Answer» B. classical | |
| 22. |
The behavior is emitted by the organism in ____________ conditioning. |
| A. | operant |
| B. | classical |
| C. | insight |
| D. | social |
| Answer» A. operant | |
| 23. |
Conditions physiological and emotional responses. |
| A. | operant |
| B. | classical |
| C. | insight |
| D. | social |
| Answer» B. classical | |
| 24. |
In ___________________ conditioning, the performance of the behavior is influenced by the expectation of reinforcement or punishment. |
| A. | operant |
| B. | classical |
| C. | insight |
| D. | social |
| Answer» A. operant | |
| 25. |
In ________________ conditioning, the basis of learning is the process of associating a response and the consequence that follows it. |
| A. | operant |
| B. | classical |
| C. | insight |
| D. | social |
| Answer» A. operant | |
| 26. |
Reflexive, involuntary behaviors are associated with ___________ conditioning. |
| A. | operant |
| B. | classical |
| C. | insight |
| D. | social |
| Answer» B. classical | |
| 27. |
In ___________ conditioning, the extinction process is the decreasing of the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented alone |
| A. | operant |
| B. | classical |
| C. | insight |
| D. | social |
| Answer» B. classical | |
| 28. |
The evolutionary influence of _______________ conditioning is that innate predispositions influence how easily an association is formed between a particular stimulus and response. |
| A. | operant |
| B. | classical |
| C. | insight |
| D. | social |
| Answer» B. classical | |
| 29. |
The evolutionary influence in ____________ conditioning is that behaviors similar to natural or instinctive behaviors are more readily conditioned. |
| A. | operant |
| B. | classical |
| C. | insight |
| D. | social |
| Answer» A. operant | |
| 30. |
Behavior is elicited by a stimulus in _____________ conditioning. |
| A. | operant |
| B. | classical |
| C. | insight |
| D. | social |
| Answer» B. classical | |
| 31. |
Who was classical conditioning developed by? |
| A. | hull |
| B. | thorndike |
| C. | skinner |
| D. | pavlov |
| Answer» D. pavlov | |
| 32. |
Operant conditioning... |
| A. | uses \paired stimuli\ to make products and/or services more desirable |
| B. | uses positive and negative reinforcement to change attitudes and behaviour |
| C. | measures attitudes towards a certain subject |
| D. | changes beliefs |
| Answer» B. uses positive and negative reinforcement to change attitudes and behaviour | |
| 33. |
Operant conditioning forms an association between a behavior and a consequence. The consequences are: |
| A. | something good can start or be presented; something good can end or be taken away |
| B. | something bad can start or be presented; something bad can end or be taken away. |
| C. | constant reinforcement |
| D. | both a & b |
| Answer» D. both a & b | |
| 34. |
In Pavlov's Dog's, which of these is the conditioned stimuli? |
| A. | bell |
| B. | food |
| C. | saliva |
| D. | attendant |
| Answer» A. bell | |
| 35. |
Classical conditioning can be applied within marketing. For example Coke’s polar bear ad campaign. The bears (US) generate positive feelings (UR), and Coke (CS) is associated with the positive feelings that have then become the __ |
| A. | cr |
| B. | us |
| C. | ur |
| D. | cs |
| Answer» A. cr | |
| 36. |
Businesses can use operant conditioning to continuously reward consumers for patronage via: |
| A. | reward cards |
| B. | constant low prices |
| C. | special competitions |
| D. | both a & b |
| Answer» D. both a & b | |
| 37. |
Which one is not an intermittentreinforcement? |
| A. | one off\s |
| B. | sales promotions |
| C. | special competitions |
| D. | constant low prices |
| Answer» D. constant low prices | |
| 38. |
Operant conditioning: |
| A. | reinforcement |
| B. | drive |
| C. | cue |
| D. | response |
| Answer» A. reinforcement | |
| 39. |
Which theorists originated the Insight learning theory and Social learning theory |
| A. | bandura and hull |
| B. | kohler and bandura |
| C. | hull and guthrie |
| D. | thorndike and kohler |
| Answer» B. kohler and bandura | |
| 40. |
Which theory advocates mentoring, apprenticeship, or on the job training, and internships? |
| A. | conditions of learning theory |
| B. | theory of social cognitive development |
| C. | social learning theory |
| D. | insight learning |
| Answer» C. social learning theory | |
| 41. |
Which of the following assumptions are incorrect, according to Social-Cognitive theorists? |
| A. | people can learn through observing others. |
| B. | learning doesn\t always result in an immediate change. |
| C. | people set goals for themselves and strive to achieve their goals. |
| D. | people will learn something only if reinforcing or punishing consequences follow their behavior. |
| Answer» D. people will learn something only if reinforcing or punishing consequences follow their behavior. | |
| 42. |
What kind of reinforcement should you use if you want to a response to last without reinforcement long after it’s been learned through operant conditioning? |
| A. | continuous |
| B. | intermittent |
| C. | either a and b |
| D. | neither a nor b |
| Answer» B. intermittent | |
| 43. |
What is the tendency to respond to a new stimulus as if it’s the original conditioned stimulus? |
| A. | stimulus discrimination |
| B. | stimulus generalization |
| C. | higher-order conditioning |
| D. | spontaneous recovery |
| Answer» B. stimulus generalization | |
| 44. |
A student sometimes got A’s on his midterm exams last year when he used his green pen to write the exams. Now he always takes his lucky green pens to exams. How did the student’s superstitious behavior arise? |
| A. | observational learning |
| B. | classical conditioning |
| C. | operant conditioning |
| D. | none of the above |
| Answer» C. operant conditioning | |
| 45. |
A scalloped response pattern, in which responses are slow at the beginning of a time period and then faster just before reinforcement happens, is typical of which type of reinforcement schedule? |
| A. | fixed ratio |
| B. | variable ratio |
| C. | fixed interval |
| D. | variable interval |
| Answer» C. fixed interval | |
| 46. |
What is the procedure called in which reinforcement is used to guide a response closer and closer to a desired response? |
| A. | stimulus discrimination |
| B. | stimulus generalization |
| C. | spontaneous recovery |
| D. | shaping |
| Answer» D. shaping | |
| 47. |
Classical conditioning usually works best if which of the following occurs? |
| A. | the conditioned stimulus (cs) is presented just after the unconditioned stimulus (ucs) |
| B. | the cs is presented just before the ucs |
| C. | the cs is presented many hours after the ucs |
| D. | all of the above are equally effective |
| Answer» B. the cs is presented just before the ucs | |
| 48. |
Which of the following terms means the tendency for conditioning to be limited by natural instincts? |
| A. | instinctive drift |
| B. | innate conditioning |
| C. | natural learning |
| D. | classical conditioning |
| Answer» A. instinctive drift | |
| 49. |
In operant conditioning, what is the tendency for a response to happen only when a particular stimulus is present? |
| A. | stimulus generalization |
| B. | shaping |
| C. | response acquisition |
| D. | stimulus discrimination |
| Answer» D. stimulus discrimination | |
| 50. |
Students get a grade for a quiz that’s given once a week. What is this an example of? |
| A. | fixed-ratio reinforcement schedule |
| B. | variable-ratio reinforcement schedule |
| C. | fixed-interval reinforcement schedule |
| D. | variable-interval reinforcement schedule |
| Answer» C. fixed-interval reinforcement schedule | |
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