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100+ General Physiology Solved MCQs

in Physiology

These multiple-choice questions (MCQs) are designed to enhance your knowledge and understanding in the following areas: Biology .

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Chapter: General Physiology
51.

Nicotinic receptors, which is FALSE?

A. are found on sympathetic ganglia
B. are found at the neuromuscular junction
C. are activated by ACh
D. cause activation of a G protein and ↑cAMP
E. cause influx of Na+ via open Na+ channels
Answer» D. cause activation of a G protein and ↑cAMP
discuss
52.

Serotonin is noted in all but:

A. sexual behaviour
B. obesity
C. platelet aggregation
D. mood
E. vomiting
Answer» A. sexual behaviour
discuss
53.

With respect to the ascending pathways of sensation within the spinal cord:

A. the ??? columns connect with the medial branches (crosses midline)
B. the central spinothalamic tract carries pain/temp fibres
C. the lateral spinothalamic tract has small fibres medially
D. gracile fasiculatus contains fibres from thoracic and cervical nerves
E. proprioception is transmitted in the lateral spinothalamic tract
Answer» A. the ??? columns connect with the medial branches (crosses midline)
discuss
54.

With respect to the EEG and brain wave activity – which is FALSE?

A. the α rhythm (adults) has a frequency of 18-30/second
B. infants have a faster β rhythm than adults
C. the frequency of the α rhythm can be decreased with hypoglycaemia, hypothermia and increased ???
D. young adult – 25% sleep is REM sleep
E. REM sleep is characterised by no muscle tone, but increased extraocular movement
Answer» B. infants have a faster β rhythm than adults
discuss
55.

Which of the following decreases basal metabolic rate?

A. recent ingestion of food
B. stress
C. increased thyroid hormones
D. sleep
E. lactation
Answer» D. sleep
discuss
56.

Which of the following is an example of a low energy phosphate compound:

A. creatine phosphate
B. UTP
C. acetyl CoA
D. glucose-6 phosphate
E. ATP
Answer» D. glucose-6 phosphate
discuss
57.

Creatinuria occurs in measurable amounts in all but:

A. women during and after pregnancy and occasionally in non-pregnant women
B. normal men
C. starvation
D. thyrotoxicosis
E. poorly controlled diabetes mellitus
Answer» B. normal men
discuss
58.

Plasma lipids and lipid transport:

A. apoprotein B48 occurs in VLDL
B. apoprotein B166 and apoprotein C occurs in chylomicrons
C. lecithin cholesterol acyltrasferase is responsible for transferring cholesterol esters from HDL to…
D. chylomicron remnants travel from the intestine within lymphatic fluid in the thoracic duct
E. one half of all LDL molecules is taken up by macrophages and other cells by means other than the LDL receptor
Answer» C. lecithin cholesterol acyltrasferase is responsible for transferring cholesterol esters from HDL to…
discuss
59.

Adrenal insufficiency may cause all but which of the following?

A. inability to excrete a water load
B. personality changes
C. sodium loss with circulatory insufficiency
D. hypoglycaemia in the presence of fasting
E. leukocytosis
Answer» E. leukocytosis
discuss
60.

Hyperaldosteronism:

A. causes low plasmic Na+ and high H+
B. retains acid H+ ions and can cause acidosis
C. doesn’t cause oedema due to the escape phenomenon
D. may cause hypocalcaemic nephropathy
E. may be caused by high sodium intake
Answer» C. doesn’t cause oedema due to the escape phenomenon
discuss
61.

Bone:

A. osteoblasts are multinucleate
B. osteoclasts attach to bone via integins
C. compact bone makes up 60% of a long bone
D. osteoblasts secrete large quantities of type IV collagen and other bone matrix proteins
E. oestrogens inhibit osteoblasts and stimulate osteoclasts
Answer» B. osteoclasts attach to bone via integins
discuss
62.

Daily water turnover in the gastrointestinal tract:

A. the stomach contributes about 2500ml resorption
B. jejunum resorbs 1300ml of the water
C. the colon absorbs the bulk of the water load
D. the ??? toxin causes achenyl cyclase therefore ↑cAMP and ↑ Clsecretion, ↓ ???
E. stool balance (average) is 500ml
Answer» D. the ??? toxin causes achenyl cyclase therefore ↑cAMP and ↑ Clsecretion, ↓ ???
discuss
63.

Functional anatomy of the kidney – which is TRUE?

A. 5 million nephrons in each human kidney
B. pores in terestrated kidneys are 170-190nm in diameter
C. mesengial cells are located between the basal lumina and podocytes
D. glomerular membrane permits passage of small (???) neutral substances
E. proximal tubule is 100nm long
Answer» D. glomerular membrane permits passage of small (???) neutral substances
discuss
64.

Functional anatomy of the kidney – which is FALSE?

A. total length of the nephrons ranges from 45-65mm
B. the macula densa is ??? tubular epithelium of the collecting duct
C. juxtaglomerular cells are found in the walls of the different arteriole
D. intercolated cells are involved in acid secretion and bicarbonate transport
E. total glomerular capillary endothelium across which filtration occurs, is 0.8m2
Answer» B. the macula densa is ??? tubular epithelium of the collecting duct
discuss
65.

Regulation of renal blood flow – which is FALSE?

A. angiotensin II constricts the afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole
B. noradrenaline constricts intertubular arteries and afferent arterioles
C. dopamine causes vasodilation in renal vessels and natriuresis
D. ACh – renal vasodilation
E. prostaglandins increase blood flow to the cortex and decrease it in the medulla
Answer» A. angiotensin II constricts the afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole
discuss
66.

All but which of the following cause contraction of the mesengial cells?

A. endothelins
B. angiotensin II
C. ADH
D. noradrenaline
E. cAMP
Answer» E. cAMP
discuss
67.

All but which of the following are involved in the movement of Na+/Cl- across the apical membrane of the proximal tubules?

A. Na+ / 2Cl- / K+ co-transporter (CT)
B. Na+/ glucose CT
C. Na+/P??? CT
D. Cl- / base exchanges
E. Na+ / H+ exchanges
Answer» A. Na+ / 2Cl- / K+ co-transporter (CT)
discuss
68.

B nerve fibres:

A. provide motor supply to intrafusal muscle fibres
B. are usually the first fibres affected by local anaesthetics
C. are 12-20umol in diameter
D. are unmyelinated
E. provide pre-ganglionic autonomic supply
Answer» E. provide pre-ganglionic autonomic supply
discuss
69.

Ionic:

A. movement across an impermeable membrane occurs due to an osmotic gradient
B. equilibrium potential can be determined using the Nernst equation
C. movement across the capillary wall is not affected by the Donnan effect
D. valency determines osmotic effect in an ideal solution
E. forms of weak acids cross cell membranes easily
Answer» B. equilibrium potential can be determined using the Nernst equation
discuss
70.

Steroid hormones:

A. open ion channels in cell membrane
B. act via cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors
C. increase intracellular cAMP
D. increase tyrosine kinase activity of transmembrane receptors
E. act via a serpentine receptor
Answer» B. act via cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors
discuss
71.

Cardiac muscle fibres:

A. develop tetany only at very high stimulation frequencies
B. develop less tension when stretched due to decreased actin-myosin overlap
C. can derive only 5% of basal caloric requirement from fat
D. have a T-system located at the A-I junctions
E. remain absolutely refractory until the membrane potential repolarises to - 50mV
Answer» E. remain absolutely refractory until the membrane potential repolarises to - 50mV
discuss
72.

Glomeruli:

A. minimally filters protein, so plasma protein concentration is not altered
B. are supplied by an extensive anastomotic arterial network
C. lie distal to the juxtaglomerular apparatus
D. each receive approximately 20-25% of resting cardiac output
E. do not filter appreciable albumin since membrane pores are too small
Answer» C. lie distal to the juxtaglomerular apparatus
discuss
73.

The distal tubule:

A. absorbs most of the filtered sodium ions in the presence of aldosterone
B. absorbs glucose in the normal state
C. absorbs most of the filtered water in the presence of ADH
D. secretes hydrogen via secondary active transport
E. is almost entirely impermeable to urea
Answer» E. is almost entirely impermeable to urea
discuss
74.

Regarding vitamin D metabolism:

A. 25-hydroxycholecalciferol is converted to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney
B. 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol receptors can be found in skin
C. when calcium levels are high, 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol levels are also high
D. transport in plasma is by binding to haemoglobin
E. formation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol is tightly regulated
Answer» B. 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol receptors can be found in skin
discuss
75.

Regarding protein metabolism:

A. NH4 + is formed by reductive deamination of amino acids
B. most of the body’s urea is formed in the kidney
C. phosphorylcreatine is formed in the liver
D. creatinuria occurs normally in children
E. purines and pyrimidines are mainly sourced from dietary intake
Answer» D. creatinuria occurs normally in children
discuss
76.

Which pattern of laboratory findings in the tale below is most consistent with a diagnosis of diabetes insipidis? 24 Hr Urine Volume Ketones Glucose Protein

A. 4.0 + 0 0
B. 6.2 2+ 4+ 0
C. 1.6 0 0 4+
D. 6.4 0 0 0
E. 5.0 0 0 3+
Answer» D. 6.4 0 0 0
discuss
77.

Angiotensin H causes:

A. greater constriction of efferent than afferent arterioles
B. greater constriction of afferent than efferent arterioles
C. constriction of afferent arterioles only
D. constriction of efferent arterioles only
E. has no effect on arteriolar constriction
Answer» A. greater constriction of efferent than afferent arterioles
discuss
78.

With regard to tuboglomerular feedback:

A. the GFR increases when flow through the distal tubule increases
B. the macula densa on the afferent arteriole is the sensor
C. the afferent arteriole is constricted by thromboxane A2
D. it is designed to maintain Na+ reabsorption
E. it does not operate in individual nephrons
Answer» C. the afferent arteriole is constricted by thromboxane A2
discuss
79.

With respect to the counter current system:

A. the loops of Henle act as counter current exchanges
B. solutes diffuse out of vessels conducting blood towards the cortex
C. water diffuses out of ascending vessels
D. water diffuses into the collecting ducts
E. counter current exchange is passive and can operate even if counter current multiplication ceases
Answer» B. solutes diffuse out of vessels conducting blood towards the cortex
discuss
80.

What is the clearance of a substance when its concentration in plasma is 1mg/ml, its concentration in urine is 10mg/ml and the urine flow is 2ml/min

A. 2ml/min
B. 10ml/min
C. 20ml/min
D. 200ml/min
E. clearance cannot be determined from the information given
Answer» C. 20ml/min
discuss
81.

Regarding the proximal tubule, the following statements are true EXCEPT:

A. Na is co-transported out of the tubule with glucose
B. Na is actively transported into the intercellular spaces by Na-K ATPase
C. the cells are characterised by a brush border and tight junctions
D. vasopressin increases the permeability to water by causing the rapid insertion of water channels into the luminal membrane
E. water moves passively out of the tubule along osmotic gradients
Answer» D. vasopressin increases the permeability to water by causing the rapid insertion of water channels into the luminal membrane
discuss
82.

With regard to the effect of hormones on renal tubules, which is CORRECT?

A. aldosterone increases K reabsorption from the distal tubule
B. angiotensin II increases H+ secretion from the proximal tubules
C. ADH increases water reabsorption in the proximal tubule
D. atrial naturetic peptide decreases Na+ reabsorption from the proximal tubules
E. parathyroid hormone increases phosphate reabsorption
Answer» B. angiotensin II increases H+ secretion from the proximal tubules
discuss
83.

The thin ascending loop of Henle is:

A. relatively permeable to water
B. relatively impermeable to Na+
C. permeable to both water and Na+
D. relatively impermeable to water
E. relatively impermeable to both water and Na+
Answer» D. relatively impermeable to water
discuss
84.

Action potential initiation in the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes results from:

A. Na+ influx
B. K+ influx
C. Ca++ influx
D. Na+ and Ca++ influx
E. increased K+ conductance
Answer» C. Ca++ influx
discuss
85.

Regarding isometric ventricular reaction:

A. it occurs late in diastole
B. ventricular filling occurs
C. intraventricular pressure remains constant during this phase
D. it ends when the AV valve close
E. it ends when the AV valve open
Answer» E. it ends when the AV valve open
discuss
86.

Local vasoconstriction results from:

A. increased potassium concentration
B. increased magnesium concentration
C. increased sodium concentration
D. decrease in pH
E. increased calcium concentration
Answer» E. increased calcium concentration
discuss
87.

In compensated low output cardiac failure:

A. venous resistance is decreased
B. cardiac contractility is increased
C. mean systemic filling pressure is decreased
D. right atrial pressure is decreased
E. venous return is decreased
Answer» D. right atrial pressure is decreased
discuss
88.

With regard to ascending to high altitudes:

A. there is a linear decrease in inspired oxygen pressures with increasing altitude
B. the partial pressure of water vapour in moist inspired air decreases with PiO2
C. at 19,200m, barometric pressure = 47mmHg, PiO2 then is approx 9mmHg
D. at peak at Mt Everest, barometric pressure = 380mmHg, PiO2 is approx 70mmHg
E. in permanent residents of the Andes, arterial and venous PO2 is half normal levels
Answer» D. at peak at Mt Everest, barometric pressure = 380mmHg, PiO2 is approx 70mmHg
discuss
89.

A 28-year-old lady has taken an overdose of sedatives causing her to hypoventilate. Given that her arterial PCO2 is now doubled to 80mmHg, which of the following is most likely to be correct, given that she is breathing room air at normal barometric pressures?

A. arterial PO2 will be approximately 70mmHg
B. arterial PO2 will be approximately 35mmHg
C. arterial Hb O2 saturation will be approximately 50%
D. arterial Hb O2 saturation will be approximately 80%
E. arterial Hb O2 saturation will be approximately 27%
Answer» D. arterial Hb O2 saturation will be approximately 80%
discuss
90.

Which of the following has the greatest effect on the ability of the blood to transport O2?

A. the capacity of the blood to dissolve O2
B. the amount of Hb in the blood
C. the pH of the plasma
D. the CO2 content of red blood cells
E. the temperature of the blood
Answer» B. the amount of Hb in the blood
discuss
91.

The Haldane effect describes:

A. the shift to the right of the O2 dissociation curve caused by increased PCO2
B. the enhanced loading of CO2 iii the presence of deoxygenated Hb
C. the shift of chloride ions into red blood cells to balance HCO3 shift from those cells
D. the action of carbonic anhydrase on carbonic acid
E. none of the above
Answer» B. the enhanced loading of CO2 iii the presence of deoxygenated Hb
discuss
92.

With regard to CO2 carriage in the blood:

A. dissolved CO2 has an insignificant role in the carriage of CO2 in the blood
B. HCO3 production is fast in plasma
C. ionic dissociation of carbonic acid in the red cell is fast without an enzyme
D. the CO2 concentration in blood is independent of the saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen
E. the majority of CO2 is carried in the blood in the forms of dissolved CO2 and carbamino-compounds
Answer» C. ionic dissociation of carbonic acid in the red cell is fast without an enzyme
discuss
93.

Substances cleared from the circulation by the lungs include all the following EXCEPT:

A. angiotensin H
B. serotonin
C. leukotrienes
D. bradykinin
E. prostaglandin
Answer» A. angiotensin H
discuss
94.

With regard to the normal Hb-ox-y-en dissociation curve, which is the most likely to be CORRECT?

A. when arterial PO2 = 60mmHg, Hb saturation is ∼ 80%
B. when arterial PO2 = 40mmHg, Hb saturation is ∼ 75%
C. when arterial PO2 = 30mmHg, Hb saturation is ∼ 40%
D. acidosis shifts the curve to the left
E. decreased PCO2 shifts the curve to the right
Answer» B. when arterial PO2 = 40mmHg, Hb saturation is ∼ 75%
discuss
95.

Increased lung compliance is associated with:

A. increasing age
B. increasing pulmonary venous pressure
C. high expanding pressures
D. interstitial fibrosis
E. low lung volumes associated with hypoventilation
Answer» A. increasing age
discuss
96.

The following physiological events that occur in the body are listed in random sequence:
a. decreased CSF pH
b. increased PaCO2
c. increased CSF PCO2
d. stimulation of medullary chemoreceptors
e. increased PACO2
What is the usual sequence?

A. a, b, c, d, e
B. d, a, c, b, e,
C. c, d, e, b, a,
D. e, b, c, a, d,
E. e, c, b, d, a
Answer» D. e, b, c, a, d,
discuss
97.

In relation to acid base balance in the body:

A. respiratory compensation in metabolic alkalosis is limited by carotid and aortic chemoreceptor response
B. HCO3 concentration will decrease in compensated respiratory acidosis
C. the rate of renal H+ secretion is not affected by PCO2 in respiratory acidosis
D. chloride excretion is decreased in respiratory acidosis
E. hepatic glutamine synthesis is decreased in chronic metabolic acidosis
Answer» A. respiratory compensation in metabolic alkalosis is limited by carotid and aortic chemoreceptor response
discuss
98.

The action potential of a neuron:

A. is initiated by efflux of Na+
B. is terminated by efflux of K+
C. declines in amplitude as it moves along the axon
D. results in transient reversal of the concentration gradient of Na+ across the cell membrane
E. is not associated with any net movement of Na+ or K+ across the cell membrane
Answer» B. is terminated by efflux of K+
discuss
99.

The functions of tropomyosin in skeletal muscle include:

A. releasing Ca++ after an action potential
B. sliding on actin to produce shortening
C. binding to myosin during contraction
D. acting as a “relaxing protein” at rest by covering up the sites where myosin binds to actin
E. generating ATP which passes to the contractile mechanism
Answer» D. acting as a “relaxing protein” at rest by covering up the sites where myosin binds to actin
discuss
100.

Regarding the autonomic nervous system:

A. does not have a reflex like somatic nervous system
B. has dopamine as the main transmitter
C. has cholinergic division which increases activity of the intestinal musculature and increases gastric secretion
D. neurotransmitter noradrenaline is metabolised by pseudocholinesterase
E. is not involved with visceral sensation
Answer» C. has cholinergic division which increases activity of the intestinal musculature and increases gastric secretion
discuss

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