180+ Foundations of Sociology solved MCQs with PDF download

1.	Impersonal and transitory interaction exists in ___________ groups.
A.	primary
B.	in-group
C.	social
D.	secondary
Answer» D. secondary

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2.	The Enlightenment was in many respects a renaissance of __________
A.	scientific thought
B.	blind belief
C.	superstition
D.	religious belief
Answer» A. scientific thought

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3.	_____ granted citizens individual freedoms and removed old established orders such as the church and crown, and gave people a new perspective of the worldand the society in which they live
A.	french revolution
B.	scientific revolution
C.	industrial revolution
D.	russian revolution
Answer» A. french revolution

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4.	Amalgamation favors the process of ____________.
A.	acculturation
B.	diffusion
C.	assimilation
D.	none of the above
Answer» C. assimilation

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5.	Urbanisation and ______led to the emergence of the working class as a large and powerful body, which led to the birth of Marxism, and gave people a new perspective and relationship with the society they lived in
A.	industrialisation
B.	modernisation
C.	westernisation
D.	sanskritisation
Answer» A. industrialisation

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6.	Sociological ___________ allows people to see the relationship between their personal experiences and broader social and historical events.
A.	consciousness
B.	imagination
C.	questions
D.	theory
Answer» B. imagination

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7.	The second Estate in the Estate system
A.	clergy
B.	nobles
C.	commoners
D.	labourers
Answer» B. nobles

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8.	The material and non-material components of culture are often referred to as the _________ of culture.
A.	theme
B.	combination
C.	content
D.	concept
Answer» C. content

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9.	The power of _______ was based on the Church
A.	clergy
B.	nobles
C.	commoners
D.	labourers
Answer» A. clergy

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10.	___________ culture is communicated mostly to the like-minded.
A.	non-material
B.	explicit
C.	material
D.	utilitarian
Answer» A. non-material

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11.	____ served as councillors to the royalty, diplomats and governors
A.	clergy
B.	nobles
C.	commoners
D.	labourers
Answer» B. nobles

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12.	Surplus extraction was carried out by the impersonal laws of the market in ___
A.	feudalism
B.	capitalism
C.	socialism
D.	communism
Answer» B. capitalism

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13.	Identify a slow and gradual process from the following.
A.	assimilation
B.	acculturation
C.	integration
D.	diffusion
Answer» A. assimilation

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14.	A group to which individuals refer when making judgments.
A.	voluntary group
B.	membership group
C.	in-group
D.	reference group
Answer» D. reference group

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15.	The intellectual movement called ―The Enlightenment‖ is usually associated with the ______
A.	15th century
B.	16th century
C.	17th century
D.	18th century
Answer» D. 18th century

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16.	The Enlightenment is associated with which of the following thinkers
A.	merton
B.	parsons
C.	simmel
D.	diderot
Answer» D. diderot

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17.	―Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains. Those who think themselves the masters of others are indeed greater slaves than they.‖ Name the book which opens with these lines
A.	positive philosophy
B.	das capital
C.	the social contract
D.	the city
Answer» C. the social contract

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18.	The basic unit of cultural reality is the cultural __________.
A.	complex
B.	trait
C.	theme
D.	construct
Answer» B. trait

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19.	In a democracy, the ______ are sovereign
A.	people
B.	relationships
C.	roles
D.	positions
Answer» A. people

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20.	Cultural __________ are nothing but larger clusters of traits organized about some nuclear point of reference.
A.	complex
B.	patterns
C.	elements
D.	traits
Answer» A. complex

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21.	____________ is the spread of a culture pattern from one culture area to another.
A.	acculturation
B.	assimilation
C.	enculturation
D.	culture diffusion
Answer» D. culture diffusion

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22.	Non-conformity to a set of norms is known as __________.
A.	crime
B.	habit
C.	deviance
D.	none of the above
Answer» C. deviance

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23.	The spirit of extreme _____ arises when the people are no longer content to be equal as citizens, but want to be equal in every respect
A.	inequality
B.	equality
C.	neutrality
D.	sovereignity
Answer» B. equality

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24.	__________ constitute the treasury of our social heritage.
A.	norms
B.	folkways
C.	customs
D.	laws
Answer» C. customs

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25.	In _____ , one part of the people governs the rest
A.	aristocracy
B.	despotism
C.	laissez faire
D.	communism
Answer» A. aristocracy

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26.	The _____________ status is the position assigned to an individual without reference to his innate differences and abilities.
A.	social
B.	ascribed
C.	group
D.	achieved
Answer» B. ascribed

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27.	The opinion held by people on any issue for the welfare of the whole community.
A.	personal opinion
B.	public opinion
C.	verdict
D.	petitions
Answer» B. public opinion

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28.	_____________ is the integrated system of learned behavior patterns.
A.	culture
B.	group
C.	institution
D.	society
Answer» A. culture

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29.	_______ is the virtue which leads those who govern in an aristocracy to restrain themselves both from oppressing the people and from trying to acquire excessive power over one another
A.	political virtue
B.	honour
C.	moderation
D.	fear
Answer» C. moderation

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30.	The components of material culture are __________ and objective.
A.	external
B.	internal
C.	tangiblen
D.	both a&c
Answer» B. internal

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31.	_____________ is judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one‘s own culture.
A.	universalism
B.	ethnocentrism
C.	xenocentrism
D.	racism
Answer» B. ethnocentrism

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32.	The principle of democracy is _______
A.	political virtue
B.	honour
C.	moderation
D.	fear
Answer» A. political virtue

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33.	The study of large scale organizations or social systems belongs to _________ sociology.
A.	micro
B.	industrial
C.	macro
D.	descriptive
Answer» C. macro

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34.	Who was the first to use the term sociology as a way of studying the world in terms of society?
A.	comte
B.	spencer
C.	durkheim
D.	marx
Answer» A. comte

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35.	Name the culturally based tendency to value other cultures more highly than one‘s own.
A.	ethnocentrism
B.	cultural relativism
C.	acculturation
D.	xenocentrism
Answer» D. xenocentrism

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36.	For Tonnies, ___________ is the form of social cohesion prevalent in pre-industrial societies.
A.	collectivity
B.	gesselschaft
C.	gemeinschaft
D.	congregate
Answer» C. gemeinschaft

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37.	Which is not a characteristic of groups?
A.	plurality of individuals
B.	reciprocity
C.	antagonism
D.	we-feeling
Answer» C. antagonism

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38.	Who among the following could be considered as an enlightenment philosopher?
A.	aristotle
B.	plato
C.	socrates
D.	montesquieu
Answer» D. montesquieu

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39.	The principle of despotism is _____
A.	political virtue
B.	honour
C.	moderation
D.	fear
Answer» D. fear

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40.	Knowledge is an example of ______________ culture.
A.	material
B.	non-material
C.	explicit
D.	none of the above
Answer» B. non-material

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41.	Functionalism and conflict theories tend towards ________ sociological analysis.
A.	micro
B.	modern
C.	macro
D.	current
Answer» C. macro

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42.	__________ implies a value-judgement about the folkways.
A.	sanction
B.	custom
C.	tradition
D.	mores
Answer» D. mores

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43.	______ had introduced the concept of ―industrialization‖
A.	saint-simon
B.	rousseau
C.	montesquieu
D.	voltaire
Answer» A. saint-simon

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44.	Saint-Simon is a primary figure of ______
A.	socialism
B.	capitalism
C.	despotism
D.	communism
Answer» A. socialism

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45.	The long established habits and usages of people
A.	norms
B.	rituals
C.	customs
D.	manners
Answer» C. customs

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46.	The society maintains its order by means of __________ system.
A.	normative
B.	interaction
C.	cultural
D.	conventional
Answer» A. normative

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47.	________ claimed that human beings enjoy natural rights over the political ones
A.	ethical socialism
B.	monopolistic socialism
C.	neutral socialism
D.	instrumental socialism
Answer» A. ethical socialism

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48.	Modes of action which do not conform to the norms of a society.
A.	violence
B.	deviance
C.	rejection
D.	crime
Answer» B. deviance

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49.	A social relationship in society involves __________ awareness.
A.	personal
B.	reciprocal
C.	self
D.	social
Answer» B. reciprocal

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50.	_______ postulated everyone‘s right to a decent living standard and the right to human relations in the emerging urban and industrial society
A.	ethical socialism
B.	monopolistic socialism
C.	neutral socialism
D.	instrumental socialism
Answer» A. ethical socialism

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51.	Which of the following events was integral to the emergence of sociology?
A.	french revolution
B.	westernisation
C.	globalisation
D.	modernisation
Answer» A. french revolution

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52.	Which of the following laid the foundation for French Revolution?
A.	dark ages
B.	communism
C.	enlightenment
D.	globalisation
Answer» C. enlightenment

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53.	A role is the ————— aspect of status.
A.	counter
B.	dynamic
C.	static
D.	latent
Answer» D. latent

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54.	Under __________, land was the main means of production
A.	feudalism
B.	capitalism
C.	socialism
D.	communism
Answer» A. feudalism

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55.	According to _____ , the force of human Reason replaced established authority, such as the Church and the King
A.	enlightenment
B.	capitalism
C.	socialism
D.	communism
Answer» A. enlightenment

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56.	_________ represent ‗standardized generalization‘ concerning expected modes of behavior.
A.	values
B.	customs
C.	norms
D.	sanctions
Answer» C. norms

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57.	The power of _______ was based on the feudal seigniorial system
A.	clergy
B.	nobles
C.	commoners
D.	labourers
Answer» B. nobles

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58.	_______ was a period of intellectual development and change in philosophical thought beginning in the eighteenth century
A.	enlightenment
B.	capitalism
C.	socialism
D.	communism
Answer» A. enlightenment

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59.	Social status based on an individual‘s effort.
A.	achieved
B.	ascribed
C.	merit
D.	none of the above
Answer» A. achieved

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60.	In Europe, ______ was one of the torchbearers of Enlightenment literature and philosophy
A.	rousseau
B.	parsons
C.	simmel
D.	merton
Answer» A. rousseau

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61.	Conformity implies behaving in accordance with the _________.
A.	groups
B.	culture
C.	situations
D.	norms
Answer» D. norms

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62.	Auguste Comte was a _______ philosopher
A.	french
B.	german
C.	russian
D.	austrian
Answer» A. french

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63.	_______ coined the term sociology as a social science to study about society
A.	comte
B.	spencer
C.	durkheim
D.	marx
Answer» A. comte

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64.	Emotional warmth and spontaneity exist in __________ group.
A.	social
B.	primary
C.	secondary
D.	special
Answer» B. primary

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65.	________ proposed the doctrine of Positivism
A.	comte
B.	spencer
C.	durkheim
D.	marx
Answer» A. comte

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66.	__________ interaction consists of vocal or other gestures and language, spoken or written.
A.	direct
B.	symbolic
C.	social
D.	personal
Answer» B. symbolic

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67.	Who defined Sociology as a positive science?
A.	comte
B.	spencer
C.	durkheim
D.	marx
Answer» A. comte

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68.	_______ is the search for ―invariant laws of the natural and social world.‖
A.	naturism
B.	socialism
C.	positivism
D.	idealism
Answer» C. positivism

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69.	In ___________ interaction, interaction occurs among people who are present in the same setting, but are not engaged in face- to- face communication.
A.	focused
B.	formal
C.	unfocused
D.	informal
Answer» C. unfocused

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70.	_______ consists of the investigations of laws of action and reaction of different parts of the social system
A.	social dynamics
B.	social statics
C.	social biology
D.	social chemistry
Answer» B. social statics

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71.	The French revolution led to the emergence of ______
A.	nationalism
B.	socialism
C.	communism
D.	capitalism
Answer» A. nationalism

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72.	Which among the following is an indirect method of social control?
A.	folkways
B.	propaganda
C.	customs
D.	religion
Answer» B. propaganda

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73.	________ focuses on whole societies as the unit of analysis and how they developed and changed through time
A.	social dynamics
B.	social statics
C.	social biology
D.	social chemistry
Answer» A. social dynamics

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74.	___________ is a negative social sanction.
A.	praise
B.	suggestion
C.	reward
D.	punishment
Answer» D. punishment

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75.	In ________ stage, people come to believe that all phenomena are created and influenced by gods and supernatural forces
A.	theological
B.	metaphysical
C.	positivist
D.	revolutionary
Answer» A. theological

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76.	The group which is more influential than family among the adolescents is __________.
A.	occupational group
B.	peer group
C.	out-group
D.	religion
Answer» B. peer group

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77.	_______ signaled the beginning of sociology as a discipline
A.	middle age
B.	stone age
C.	dark age
D.	enlightenment
Answer» D. enlightenment

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78.	____________ are general abstract moral principles defining what is right or wrong.
A.	values
B.	folkways
C.	sanctions
D.	rules
Answer» A. values

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79.	The type of social stratification that existed in France during the time of French revolution
A.	capitalism
B.	class system
C.	estate system
D.	caste system
Answer» C. estate system

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80.	Name the expected behaviour of an individual occupying a particular social position.
A.	role
B.	norm
C.	ritual
D.	folkways
Answer» A. role

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81.	The French Revolution began in _____
A.	1787
B.	1788
C.	1789
D.	1790
Answer» C. 1789

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82.	The most important status a person occupies, the one that most defines a person‘s social identity and general social position.
A.	ascribed status
B.	master status
C.	social status
D.	achieved status
Answer» B. master status

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83.	The ________ stage is a transitional stage in which mysterious, abstract forces replace supernatural forces as the powers that explain the workings of the world
A.	theological
B.	metaphysical
C.	positivist
D.	revolutionary
Answer» B. metaphysical

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84.	Which of the following is a work of Rousseau?
A.	positive philosophy
B.	das capital
C.	the social contract
D.	the city
Answer» C. the social contract

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85.	Group in which individuals interact over a long period of time on a direct and personal basis
A.	formal group
B.	large group
C.	reference group
D.	primary group
Answer» D. primary group

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86.	In ____ stage, people search for invariant laws that govern all of the phenomena of the world. a) Theological b) Metaphysical c) Positivist d) Revolutionary 92. ____________ makes possible the ―conversation of gestures.‖
A.	cyber space
B.	language
C.	physical proximity
D.	group
Answer» C. physical proximity

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87.	Who proposed sociology to be studied in two main parts- social statics and social dynamics?
A.	comte
B.	spencer
C.	durkheim
D.	marx
Answer» A. comte

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88.	The system in which all the means of production belonged to the capitalist
A.	communism
B.	socialism
C.	capitalism
D.	nationalism
Answer» C. capitalism

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89.	Segmented personality involvement exists in ____________ group.
A.	in-group
B.	secondary
C.	informal
D.	primary
Answer» B. secondary

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90.	The ______ stage is the last and highest stage in Comte‘s work
A.	theological
B.	metaphysical
C.	positivist
D.	revolutionary
Answer» C. positivist

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91.	The distinction between in-group and out-group is ____________.
A.	simple
B.	tangible
C.	concrete
D.	overlapping
Answer» D. overlapping

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92.	______ seeks empirical regularities, which are correlations between two variables
A.	naturism
B.	totemism
C.	positivism
D.	fetishism
Answer» C. positivism

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93.	The transference of cultural elements from one sphere to another is called ________.
A.	acculturation
B.	evolution
C.	diffusion
D.	dominatio
Answer» C. diffusion

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94.	The _____ saw massive changes in society by the destruction of the feudal system and the establishment of capitalism
A.	french revolution
B.	scientific revolution
C.	industrial revolution
D.	russian revolution
Answer» C. industrial revolution

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95.	Comte says that method to study about society must be _______
A.	scientific
B.	speculative
C.	tentative
D.	approximate
Answer» A. scientific

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96.	―Man is a social animal.‖ Who said so?
A.	comte
B.	aristotle
C.	plato
D.	karl marx
Answer» B. aristotle

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97.	The first social thinker who developed Darwinian evolutionism in the society
A.	weber
B.	spencer
C.	durkheim
D.	marx
Answer» B. spencer

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98.	Culture bound or culture specific traits are known as ________ culture.
A.	emic
B.	counter
C.	etic
D.	universal
Answer» A. emic

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99.	The third Estate in the Estate system
A.	clergy
B.	nobles
C.	commoners
D.	labourers
Answer» C. commoners

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100.	―A social group is a system of social interaction.‖ Who defined so?
A.	h.m.johnson
B.	marshal jones
C.	bogardus
D.	simmel
Answer» A. h.m.johnson

discuss

Foundations of Sociology Solved MCQs

Impersonal and transitory interaction exists in ___________ groups.

The Enlightenment was in many respects a renaissance of __________

_____ granted citizens individual freedoms and removed old established orders such as the church and crown, and gave people a new perspective of the worldand the society in which they live

Amalgamation favors the process of ____________.

Urbanisation and ______led to the emergence of the working class as a large and powerful body, which led to the birth of Marxism, and gave people a new perspective and relationship with the society they lived in

Sociological ___________ allows people to see the relationship between their personal experiences and broader social and historical events.

The second Estate in the Estate system

The material and non-material components of culture are often referred to as the _________ of culture.

The power of _______ was based on the Church

___________ culture is communicated mostly to the like-minded.

____ served as councillors to the royalty, diplomats and governors

Surplus extraction was carried out by the impersonal laws of the market in ___

Identify a slow and gradual process from the following.

A group to which individuals refer when making judgments.

The intellectual movement called ―The Enlightenment‖ is usually associated with the ______

The Enlightenment is associated with which of the following thinkers

―Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains. Those who think themselves the masters of others are indeed greater slaves than they.‖ Name the book which opens with these lines

The basic unit of cultural reality is the cultural __________.

In a democracy, the ______ are sovereign

Cultural __________ are nothing but larger clusters of traits organized about some nuclear point of reference.

____________ is the spread of a culture pattern from one culture area to another.

Non-conformity to a set of norms is known as __________.

The spirit of extreme _____ arises when the people are no longer content to be equal as citizens, but want to be equal in every respect

__________ constitute the treasury of our social heritage.

In _____ , one part of the people governs the rest

The _____________ status is the position assigned to an individual without reference to his innate differences and abilities.

The opinion held by people on any issue for the welfare of the whole community.

_____________ is the integrated system of learned behavior patterns.

_______ is the virtue which leads those who govern in an aristocracy to restrain themselves both from oppressing the people and from trying to acquire excessive power over one another

The components of material culture are __________ and objective.

_____________ is judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one‘s own culture.

The principle of democracy is _______

The study of large scale organizations or social systems belongs to _________ sociology.

Who was the first to use the term sociology as a way of studying the world in terms of society?

Name the culturally based tendency to value other cultures more highly than one‘s own.

For Tonnies, ___________ is the form of social cohesion prevalent in pre-industrial societies.

Which is not a characteristic of groups?

Who among the following could be considered as an enlightenment philosopher?

The principle of despotism is _____

Knowledge is an example of ______________ culture.

Functionalism and conflict theories tend towards ________ sociological analysis.

__________ implies a value-judgement about the folkways.

______ had introduced the concept of ―industrialization‖

Saint-Simon is a primary figure of ______

The long established habits and usages of people

The society maintains its order by means of __________ system.

________ claimed that human beings enjoy natural rights over the political ones

Modes of action which do not conform to the norms of a society.

A social relationship in society involves __________ awareness.

_______ postulated everyone‘s right to a decent living standard and the right to human relations in the emerging urban and industrial society

Which of the following events was integral to the emergence of sociology?

Which of the following laid the foundation for French Revolution?

A role is the ————— aspect of status.

Under __________, land was the main means of production

According to _____ , the force of human Reason replaced established authority, such as the Church and the King

_________ represent ‗standardized generalization‘ concerning expected modes of behavior.

The power of _______ was based on the feudal seigniorial system

_______ was a period of intellectual development and change in philosophical thought beginning in the eighteenth century

Social status based on an individual‘s effort.

In Europe, ______ was one of the torchbearers of Enlightenment literature and philosophy

Conformity implies behaving in accordance with the _________.

Auguste Comte was a _______ philosopher

_______ coined the term sociology as a social science to study about society

Emotional warmth and spontaneity exist in __________ group.

________ proposed the doctrine of Positivism

__________ interaction consists of vocal or other gestures and language, spoken or written.

Who defined Sociology as a positive science?

_______ is the search for ―invariant laws of the natural and social world.‖

In ___________ interaction, interaction occurs among people who are present in the same setting, but are not engaged in face- to- face communication.

_______ consists of the investigations of laws of action and reaction of different parts of the social system

The French revolution led to the emergence of ______

Which among the following is an indirect method of social control?

________ focuses on whole societies as the unit of analysis and how they developed and changed through time

___________ is a negative social sanction.

In ________ stage, people come to believe that all phenomena are created and influenced by gods and supernatural forces

The group which is more influential than family among the adolescents is __________.

_______ signaled the beginning of sociology as a discipline

____________ are general abstract moral principles defining what is right or wrong.

The type of social stratification that existed in France during the time of French revolution

_____ granted citizens individual freedoms and removed old established orders such as the church
and crown, and gave people a new perspective of
the worldand the society in which they live

Urbanisation and ______led to the emergence of the working class as a large
and powerful body, which led to the birth of Marxism, and gave people a new
perspective and relationship with the society they lived in

―Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains. Those who think
themselves the masters of others are indeed greater slaves than they.‖
Name the book which opens with these lines

_______ is the virtue which leads those who govern in an aristocracy to
restrain themselves both from oppressing the people and from trying to
acquire excessive power over one another

The ________ stage is a transitional stage in which mysterious, abstract forces
replace supernatural forces as the powers that explain the workings of the
world

In stage, people search for invariant laws that govern all of the phenomena of the world.
a) Theological b) Metaphysical c) Positivist d) Revolutionary
92. ________ makes possible the ―conversation of gestures.‖